Friday, May 31, 2019

Influenza in London :: Journalism Spanish Flu Heatlh Essays

GLOBAL INFLUENZA REPORT LONDON Bill Smith is a Health Correspondent for the The Times in London. He sends weekly reports to the Irvine domain News. For the week of 22 October to 29 October 1918. With an end to the war on the horizon London continues to be ravaged by the Spanish Flu. As reported in The Times The general death-rate last week increased to 41 per 1,000 of the population per annum compared with 12 at the same period last year. This is the highest death-rate for over 20 years.1 As a result of the current drastic increase in the number of people inflicted with the flu, all sectors of Society are being gravely impacted. In many areas schools are being closed with the reasons for closure being vast, the primary reason being the effort to prevent the spread of influenza amongst pupils. In different areas schools are being closed due to a lack of healthy staff. However, some medical authorities believe that the closing of schools is unnecessary, as closing schools wou ld ...simply cut the children and allow them to congregate in places where the danger of infection is greatest. At the moment Efficient ventilation and segregation are considered the best means of fighting the disease.2 In former(a) sectors of public service, telephone services have been impacted as the complement of healthy telephonists has decreased.3 In Sleugh, as well as in many other communities, post darkices have been closed, as postmasters have not been available. Additionally, Omnibus services are starting to be affected and it is expected that the number of schedule changes forget increase if the outbreak is not brought under control. More concerning is that in several areas emergency services have been greatly reduced. As of Saturday 26 October There were verbalise to be 1,300 members of the Metropolitan Police Force suffering from the disease yesterday, and in 25 cases it proved fatal.... Eighty-two members of the London Fire Brigade are off duty owing to infl uenza.4 Lord Nelson, of the Mayfair Community Council expressed the sentiment that he and his fellow residents are extremely distressed with the number of police and give the sack fighters inflicted with the flu, and that they hope that their fellow citizens will continue to be extra vigilant so that the services of these people will not be needed unnecessarily.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Paranoia: Creator of Mental Instability and Isolation :: essays research papers

When Daru, a French schoolteacher, is forced to take in an Arab accused of murder, his mind suffers from paranoid delusions. Darus doubts about the mental soundness of the Arab leave him feeling abnormally isolated and persecuted by unknown enemies. In The Teacher by Arnold Shiller, paranoia forms a voluntary isolation and creates mental instability.Living in an isolated region of a French colony, peradventure Algeria, Daru does not feel alone. As a schoolteacher, his current country of solitude is created by a snowstorm, a force of nature he cannot control. Daru is aware of the people suffering from the snowstorm, such as his students, and constantly mulls over their location to entertain himself. Though Daru lives in a remote schoolhouse, this harsh region is home to him because Everywhere else, he felt exiled (54). Though physically removed from people, Daru is mentally close and awaiting their return after the snowstorm ends. He cannot be isolated because humanity still enve lops his home.Darus paranoia emerges when his friend Balducci brings an Arab accused of murder to his schoolhouse. Daru immediately notices the afflictive aspects of the Arab, such as his huge lips, feverish eyes, and rebellious look, but he still unties the hands of the Arab with some compassion. When Balducci announces that Daru must deliver the Arab to Tinguit, Daru is surprised and reluctant to do so because it violates his principles. But Balduccis paranoia begins to infect Daru, and when Daru asks Is he against us?, Balducci replies with I dont think so. But you can never be incontestable (56). Daru suddenly feels wrathful towards the Arab and all men for their spite, hates, and lusts, isolating himself from others through this new hatred. Thus, Daru silently accepts the pistol that Balducci hands over to him, realizing that it could be of use in the future, possibly for murder. Darus flash of wrath passes quickly, though, and he stands fast on his resolution not to hand ove r the Arab, preferring to insult Balducci rather than violate his beliefs. Once Balducci leaves, Daru feels isolated, though the Arab sits on the floor, because he is afraid of the Arab who, without stirring, never took his eyes off him (58). This paranoiac isolation makes Daru stick the revolver in his pocket as a curb of his fear, similar to Oedipa Maas useless search for human companionship as a confirmation of her isolation.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Influence of Emerson’s Self-Reliance on Gilman’s Yellow Wall-Paper

Influence of Emersons Self-Reliance on Gilmans Yellow Wall-Paper The great writer Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote, trust thyself all(prenominal) heart vibrates to that iron string (p. 1033). How surprised he would be to find out that a half century later this type of idea would cease in a growing restlessness among American women unsatisfied with their lives and with their roles in society - a society dominated by men with little or no place for women outside the home. One of these female writers who helped lead the battle for domestic and social reform was Charlotte Perkins Gilman. One of her more particularly forceful workings is The Yellow Wall-Paper, meant to highlight the submissive and highly undervalued role women play in marriages at the time. Through this work, Gilman expressed her inner frustrations with the servitude women had to endure in their marriages during that time period, and she advocated her let brand of Emersonian non-conformity for women. By taking such a profoundly dismal outlook on married life, Gilman hoped to inspire other women to seek new roles not only in the domestic, exclusively also public, arena. The Yellow Wall-Paper represents to a large degree what the feminist movement of the late 19th century was about, and by analyzing two the story and context of its creation, it becomes apparent the type of interpretation Gilman made of Emersons work Self-Reliance. Although The Yellow Wall-Paper focuses on a wifes sudden decline into madness, the story brings forth a very important issue - that of womens roles not only in domestic life, but in society as well. It becomes abundantly apparent even from the setoff few lines of the story that the wifes views concern her place in the marr... ... written nearly half a century earlier, but wished to apply it to women in order to strive a similar greatness through liberation. Evidently, both authors have achieved their goals and have become literary founders of a new American image created during the 19th century, but transcending the boundaries of time even today. Works Cited and Consulted Boller, Paul. American Transcendentalism. New York Capricorn Books, 1974. Emerson, Ralph. Self-Reliance. Ed. George McMichael. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York Feminist Press, 1973. ------. The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman An Autobiography. New York D. Appleton-Century, 1935. Kasmer, Lisa. Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper A Symptomatic Reading. Literature and Psychology. 36, (1990) 1-15.

Leadership Profile Essay -- essays research papers

Leadership Profile PaperThis paper will profile Jeff Hawkins, Chief technology Officer (CTO) for PalmOne, Inc. examining qualities that Mr. Hawkins exhibits that make him influential leader. The paper will also examine details of the business strategy that make this man an exceptional innovator and his theatrical role to eBusiness technology. VisionJeff Hawkins a graduate of Cornell Universityis best known as the inventor who, in 1994, took blocks of mahogany and plywood into his garage and emerged with a prototype for the PalmPilot (PC Magazine, 2000). Joining forces with relay link Donna Dubinsky, Jeff pulled off one of the most successful new-product launches in consumer electronics history, selling 400,000 units when they debuted in 1996. Now Palm Computing owns 80% of the take hold market (PC Magazine, 2000).     Mr. Hawkins vision feature with his personal commitment and desire to constantly improve processes, efficiency, and develop new technologies h as proved Jeff to be a leader in innovation. According to Mr Hawkins, "The future of figure is mobile," The PDA is going to be the way people access Internet data and integrate that data with everything else they need to keep track of. This will be most peoples PC and Web terminal" (PC Magazine, 2000).ExperienceJeff has nearly 20 years of technical expertise and is often credited as the designer who reinvented the handheld market. According to Jeff, "We didnt get enam...

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Reasons to wear a seatbelt :: essays research papers fc

August 2000, our family of six was on the way to a wedding. It was a rainy day, and Gregg was not familiar with the area. The car hit rest water in the high-way, and started hydro-planing. Greg lost control of the car. Then, the car went backwards down into a ditch and started sliding on its wheels sideways. After sliding for 100 feet or so, the car flipped, at least once. After flipping, the car came to rest on its wheels, and the passenger window broke out.In the front seat was Gregg, driving, Sarah, in the middle, and Robyn, on the passenger side. In the rear seat was Jeff, behind the driver, Haley, in the middle, and Rachel, on the passenger side. EVERYONE was wearing their SEAT BELTS, as is our family habit. EVERYONE walked away from this accident with wholly bruises. The only blood was Robyn had small nicks from glass in a couple of places on her right arm and right leg.After being examined at the ER, we continued on to the wedding reception. Where, less than 3 hour after th is accident, Rachel, Jeff, Sarah, and Haley were able to dance and prepare a great time If they had not been wearing their seat belts, they could have been dead. So Please Buckle Up your Seat Belts every time you get in the car (www.geocities.com/gargn6/seatbelts.html?200522).This womans story may not be one that will ever happen to many people, but if it did a seatbelt is one of the only defenses one has against it. A seatbelt is not a new-fangled development and seatbelt laws are not new either and refusing to wear a seatbelt is disregard for the law and ones own safety. Everyone has to wear a seatbelt, no one is picked, and people from celebrities down to a common sixteen-year-old driver have to wear one. No one is exempt from the law and no one should be aloud to break it. Its not hard to do and shouldnt be hard to remember because all it takes is a click and even though some have come up with many reasons not to wear them the benefits of wearing a seatbelt outweigh the disadv antages by far.Many people may require not to wear a seatbelt because they dont understand how and why they work. To begin with seatbelts are the first line of defense one has against an injury in a crash.

Reasons to wear a seatbelt :: essays research papers fc

August 2000, our family of six was on the way to a wedding. It was a rainy day, and Gregg was not familiar with the ara. The car hit standing water in the high-way, and started hydro-planing. Greg lost control of the car. Then, the car went backwards down into a ditch and started sliding on its wheels sideways. After sliding for 100 feet or so, the car flipped, at least once. After flipping, the car came to rest on its wheels, and the passenger window broke out.In the front seat was Gregg, driving, Sarah, in the middle, and Robyn, on the passenger side. In the rear seat was Jeff, behind the driver, Haley, in the middle, and Rachel, on the passenger side. EVERYONE was drudgeing their SEAT BELTS, as is our family habit. EVERYONE walked away from this accident with only bruises. The only blood was Robyn had wasted nicks from glass in a couple of places on her right arm and right leg.After being examined at the ER, we continued on to the wedding reception. Where, slight than 3 hour after this accident, Rachel, Jeff, Sarah, and Haley were able to dance and soak up a great time If they had not been wearing their seat belts, they could have been dead. So enthrall Buckle Up your Seat Belts every time you get in the car (www.geocities.com/gargn6/seatbelts.html?200522).This womans story may not be ane that will ever happen to many concourse, but if it did a seatbelt is one of the only defenses one has against it. A seatbelt is not a new development and seatbelt laws are not new either and refusing to wear a seatbelt is disregard for the law and ones own safety. Everyone has to wear a seatbelt, no one is picked, and people from celebrities down to a common sixteen-year-old driver have to wear one. No one is exempt from the law and no one should be aloud to scat it. Its not hard to do and shouldnt be hard to remember because all it takes is a click and even though some have come up with many reasons not to wear them the benefits of wearing a seatbelt outweigh the disadvantages by far.Many people may choose not to wear a seatbelt because they dont understand how and why they work. To begin with seatbelts are the first line of defense one has against an injury in a crash.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Pliny the Younger

This letter was written by Pliny the Younger to the Emperor Trajan while he was serving as the Governor of the Roman responsibleness of Asia Minor during the time frame 111 through 113. This letter was written after Pliny had his first interactions with the Chirsitans. This letter seems to have been written as a letter of concern, request the Emperor for guidance on how to handle legalities of his interactions with Christians. This concern was seen in his opening statement to the Emperor, It is my invariable rule, Sir, to refer to you in all matters where I feel questionable for who is more capable of removing my scruples, or informing my ignorance. 1 In my opinion, I believe that Pliny is clear in his communication to the Emperor. I am unacquainted non only with the nature of their crimes, or the measures of their punishment, but how far it is proper to enter into an examination concerning them. 2 This statement to me, clarifies his concern of the religion, in whether or not the utilize of Christianity is unishable. This letter signifies the importance of the changing world and the concern of how to handle those changes. I think that Pliny voiced that concern throughout this letter. He seemed to have been disturbed and unaware of how to handle these changes, and, if in fact these changes could be punishable as this was not the way of the Roman beliefs. This was put clearly toward the end of Plinys letter, This contagious superstition is not confined to the cities only, but has spread its infection mong the neighboring villages. 3 In summary, I feel that this letter is of significant concern and is an interesting calculate into the history of how Christianity was observed and dealt with in the Roman Empire. Bibliography Pliny the Younger. The Letters of Pliny (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) Book 10, Letters 97 and 98, Translated by Melmoth, Revised by the Rev. F. C. T. Bosanquet, 1905. http//wadsworth. com/history_d/special_features/ilrn_legacy /wawc 1 c01c/content/wciv1/readings/pliny. html

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Fuzzy Logic

Overview The reasoning in brumous logic is similar to human reasoning. It allows for approximate values and inferences as well as incomplete or ambiguous data ( blear data) as opposed to only relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices). Fuzzy logic is able to impact incomplete data and provide approximate solutions to problems other methods find difficult to solve. Terminology used in clouded logic non used in other methods be very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, reasonable and very low. 4 editDegrees of rectitudeFuzzy logic and probabilistic logic atomic number 18 numerally similar both(prenominal) be possessed of truth values ranging between 0 and 1 but conceptually distinct, due to polar interpretationssee interpretations of chance theory. Fuzzy logic corresponds to degrees of truth, while probabilistic logic corresponds to probability, likelihood as these differ, muzzy logic and probabilistic logic yield different models of the same real-world situations. Both degrees of truth and probabilities verify between 0 and 1 and hence may seem similar at first. For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water.Then we may consider two concepts Empty and Full. The meaning of each of them passel be represented by a certain fuzzy post. Then one might define the glass as being 0. 7 empty and 0. 3 full. Note that the concept of emptiness would be inwrought and thus would depend on the observer or designer. Another designer might equally well design a coif membership make for where the glass would be considered full for all values down to 50 ml. It is essential to realize that fuzzy logic uses truth degrees as a mathematical model of the vagueness phenomenon while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance. editApplying truth values A base application might characterize subranges of a sustained variable. For instance, a temperature measurement for anti-lock brakes might have some(prenominal) separate membership personas defini ng particular temperature ranges infallible to control the brakes properly. Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to influence how the brakes should be controlled. Fuzzy logic temperature In this image, the meaning of the expressions cold, warm, and hot is represented by functions mapping a temperature outdo.A point on that scale has three truth valuesone for each of the three functions. The vertical line in the image represents a particular temperature that the three pointers (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as not hot. The orange arrow (pointing at 0. 2) may describe it as slightly warm and the olive-drab arrow (pointing at 0. 8) fairly cold. editLinguistic variables While variables in mathematics usually take numerical values, in fuzzy logic applications, the non-numeric linguistic variables are often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts. 5 A linguistic variable much(prenominal) as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However, the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modified via linguistic hedges applied to primary terms. The linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions. editExample Fuzzy set theory defines fuzzy operators on fuzzy sets. The problem in applying this is that the appropriate fuzzy operator may not be known. For this reason, fuzzy logic usually uses IF- accordingly rules, or constructs that are equivalent, such as fuzzy associative matrices.Rules are usually expressed in the represent IF variable IS property THEN action For example, a simple temperature regulator that uses a fan might look like this IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan There is no ELSE all of the rules are evaluated, because the te mperature might be cold and normal at the same time to different degrees. The AND, OR, and not operators of Boolean logic exist in fuzzy logic, usually defined as the minimum, maximum, and omplement when they are defined this way, they are called the Zadeh operators. So for the fuzzy variables x and y NOT x = (1 truth(x)) x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y)) x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y)) There are also other operators, more linguistic in nature, called hedges that can be applied. These are generally adverbs such as very, or somewhat, which modify the meaning of a set using a mathematical formula. editLogical depth psychology In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of fuzzy logic most of them belong among so-called t-norm fuzzy logics. editPropositional fuzzy logics The most essential propositional fuzzy logics are Monoidal t-norm-based propositional fuzzy logic MTL is an maximatization of logic where conjunction is defined by a left perpetual t-norm, and implication is defined as the equaliser of the t-norm. Its models correspond to MTL-algebras that are prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. Basic propositional fuzzy logic BL is an generation of MTL logic where conjunction is defined by a continuous t-norm, and implication is also defined as the residuum of the t-norm.Its models correspond to BL-algebras. Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard conjunction is the Lukasiewicz t-norm. It has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus an axiom of double negation, and its models correspond to MV-algebras. Godel fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is Godel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus an axiom of idempotence of conjunction, and its models are called G-algebras. Product fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is harvesting t-norm.It has the axioms of BL plus another axiom for cancellativity of conjunction, a nd its models are called product algebras. Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax (sometimes also called Pavelkas logic), denoted by EVL, is a further generalization of mathematical fuzzy logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy logic have traditional syntax and many-valued semantics, in EVL is evaluated also syntax. This means that each formula has an evaluation. Axiomatization of EVL stems from Lukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A generalization of classical Godel completeness theorem is provable in EVL. editPredicate fuzzy logics These persist the above-mentioned fuzzy logics by adding universal and existential quantifiers in a manner similar to the way that predicate logic is created from propositional logic. The semantics of the universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth degrees of the instances of the quantified subformula. editDecidability issues for fuzzy logic The notions of a decidable subset and recursively enumerable subs et are basic ones for classical mathematics and classical logic.Then, the question of a suitable extension of such concepts to fuzzy set theory arises. A first proposal in such a direction was made by E. S. Santos by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine, Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy program (see Santos 1970). Successively, L. Biacino and G. Gerla showed that such a definition is not adequate and therefore proposed the following one. U denotes the set of thinking(prenominal) numbers in 0,1. A fuzzy subset s S 0,1 of a set S is recursively enumerable if a recursive map h S?N U exists such that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is increasing with respect to n and s(x) = lim h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s and its complement s are recursively enumerable. An extension of such a theory to the general case of the L-subsets is proposed in Gerla 2006. The proposed definitions are well related with fuzzy logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds sure (provide d that the deduction apparatus of the fuzzy logic satisfies some obvious effectiveness property). Theorem. Any axiomatizable fuzzy theory is recursively enumerable.In particular, the fuzzy set of logically align formulas is recursively enumerable in spite of the fact that the crisp set of valid formulas is not recursively enumerable, in general. Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete theory is decidable. It is an open question to hand over supports for a Church thesis for fuzzy logic claiming that the proposed notion of recursive enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the adequate one. To this aim, further investigations on the notions of fuzzy grammar and fuzzy Turing machine should be necessary (see for example Wiedermanns paper). Another open uestion is to start from this notion to find an extension of Godels theorems to fuzzy logic. editFuzzy databases Once fuzzy relations are defined, it is thinkable to develop fuzzy relational databases. The first fuzzy relational database, F RDB, appeared in Maria Zemankovas dissertation. Later, some other models arose like the Buckles-Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model, the Umano-Fukami model or the GEFRED model by J. M. Medina, M. A. Vila et al. In the context of fuzzy databases, some fuzzy querying languages have been defined, highlighting the SQLf by P. Bosc et al. and the FSQL by J.Galindo et al. These languages define some structures in order to acknowledge fuzzy aspects in the SQL statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic labels and so on. editComparison to probability Fuzzy logic and probability are different ways of expressing uncertainty. While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership (i. e. , how much a variable is in a set), and probability theory uses the concept of subjective probability (i. . , how probable do I think that a variable is in a set). While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived possibility measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent. However, many statisticians are persuaded by the work of Bruno de Finetti that only one kind of mathematical uncertainty is needed and thus fuzzy logic is unnecessary. On the other hand, Bart Kosko arguescitation needed that probability is a subtheory of fuzzy logic, as probability only handles one kind of uncertainty.He also claimscitation needed to have proven a derivation of Bayes theorem from the concept of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi Zadeh argues that fuzzy logic is different in character from probability, and is not a alternate for it. He fuzzified probability to fuzzy probability and also generalized it to what is called possibility theory. (cf. 6) editSee also Logic portal Thinking portal dyed intelligence Artificial neural network Defuzzification Dynamic logic Expert sys tem False dilemma Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis Fuzzy associative matrix Fuzzy classificationFuzzy concept Fuzzy Control Language Fuzzy Control System Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy mathematics Fuzzy set Fuzzy subalgebra FuzzyCLIPS expert system Machine learning Multi-valued logic Neuro-fuzzy Paradox of the heap Rough set Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems Vagueness Interval finite particle Noise-based logic editNotes Novak, V. , Perfilieva, I. and Mockor, J. (1999) Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0 Fuzzy Logic. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 2006-07-23. Retrieved 2008-09-29. Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets, Information and Control 8 (3) 338353. James A. OBrien George M. Marakas (2011). Management Information Systesm (10th ed. ). bleak York McGraw Hill. pp. 431. Zadeh, L. A. et al. 1996 Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Systems, World Scientific Press, ISBN 9810224214 Novak, V. Are fuzzy sets a reasonable tool for modeling vague phenomena? , Fuzzy Sets and Systems 156 (2005) 341348. editBibliography Von Altrock, Constantin (1995). Fuzzy logic and NeuroFuzzy applications explained. Upper commit River, NJ Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-368465-2. Arabacioglu, B.C. (2010). Using fuzzy inference system for architectural space analysis. Applied Soft figuring 10 (3) 926937. Biacino, L. Gerla, G. (2002). Fuzzy logic, continuity and effectiveness. Archive for Mathematical Logic 41 (7) 643667. inside10. 1007/s001530100128. ISSN 0933-5846. Cox, Earl (1994). The fuzzy systems handbook a practitioners guide to building, using, maintaining fuzzy systems. capital of Massachusetts AP Professional. ISBN 0-12-194270-8. Gerla, Giangiacomo (2006). Effectiveness and Multivalued Logics. Journal of Symbolic Logic 71 (1) 137162. inside10. 2178/jsl/1140641166.ISSN 0022-4812. Hajek, Petr (1998). Metamathematics of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht Kluwer. ISBN 0792352386. Hajek, Petr (1995). Fuzzy logic and arithmetica l hierarchy. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 3 (8) 359363. doi10. 1016/0165-0114(94)00299-M. ISSN 0165-0114. Halpern, Joseph Y. (2003). ratiocination about uncertainty. Cambridge, Mass MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08320-5. Hoppner, Frank Klawonn, F. Kruse, R. Runkler, T. (1999). Fuzzy cluster analysis methods for classification, data analysis and image recognition. New York John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98864-2. Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997).Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. Klir, George J. Folger, Tina A. (1988). Fuzzy sets, uncertainty, and information. Englewood Cliffs, N. J Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-345984-5. Klir, George J. St Clair, Ute H. Yuan, Bo (1997). Fuzzy set theory foundations and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. ISBN 0133410587. Klir, George J. Yuan, Bo (1995). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic theory and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-101171-5. Kosko, Bart (1993).Fuzzy thinking the new science of fuzzy logic. New York Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8021-X. Kosko, Bart Isaka, Satoru (July 1993). Fuzzy Logic. Scientific American 269 (1) 7681. doi10. 1038/scientificamerican0793-76. Montagna, F. (2001). Three complexity problems in quantified fuzzy logic. Studia Logica 68 (1) 143152. doi10. 1023/A1011958407631. ISSN 0039-3215. Mundici, Daniele Cignoli, Roberto DOttaviano, Itala M. L. (1999). Algebraic foundations of many-valued reasoning. Dodrecht Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-6009-5. Novak, Vilem (1989). Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications.Bristol Adam Hilger. ISBN 0-85274-583-4. Novak, Vilem (2005). On fuzzy type theory. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 149 (2) 235273. doi10. 1016/j. fss. 2004. 03. 027. Novak, Vilem Perfilieva, Irina Mockor, Jiri (1999). Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0. Onses, Richard (1996). Second Order Experton A new Tool for Changing Paradigms in Country run a risk Calculation. ISBN 8477195587. Onses, Ric hard (1994). Determination de l? incertitude inherente aux investissements en Amerique Latine sur la base de la theorie des sous ensembles flous.Barcelona. ISBN 8447508811. Passino, Kevin M. Yurkovich, Stephen (1998). Fuzzy control. Boston Addison-Wesley. ISBN 020118074X. Pedrycz, Witold Gomide, Fernando (2007). Fuzzy systems engineering Toward Human-Centerd Computing. Hoboken Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978047178857-7. Pu, Pao Ming Liu, Ying Ming (1980). Fuzzy topology. I. approach structure of a fuzzy point and Moore-Smith convergence. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 76 (2) 571599. doi10. 1016/0022-247X(80)90048-7. ISSN 0022-247X Santos, Eugene S. (1970). Fuzzy Algorithms.Information and Control 17 (4) 326339. doi10. 1016/S0019-9958(70)80032-8. Scarpellini, Bruno (1962). Die Nichaxiomatisierbarkeit des unendlichwertigen Pradikatenkalkuls von Lukasiewicz. Journal of Symbolic Logic (Association for Symbolic Logic) 27 (2) 159170. doi10. 2307/2964111. ISSN 0022-4812. JSTOR 2964111. Steeb, Willi-Hans (2008). The Nonlinear Workbook Chaos, Fractals, Cellular Automata, Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, Gene Expression Programming, fill-in Vector Machine, Wavelets, Hidden Markov Models, Fuzzy Logic with C++, Java and SymbolicC++ Programs 4edition.World Scientific. ISBN 981-281-852-9. Wiedermann, J. (2004). Characterizing the super-Turing computing power and efficiency of classical fuzzy Turing machines. Theor. Comput. Sci. 317 (1-3) 6169. doi10. 1016/j. tcs. 2003. 12. 004. Yager, Ronald R. Filev, Dimitar P. (1994). Essentials of fuzzy modeling and control. New York Wiley. ISBN 0-471-01761-2. Van Pelt, Miles (2008). Fuzzy Logic Applied to Daily Life. Seattle, WA No No No No Press. ISBN 0-252-16341-9. Wilkinson, R. H. (1963). A method of generating functions of several variables using analog diode logic.IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers 12 (2) 112129. doi10. 1109/PGEC. 1963. 263419. Zadeh, L. A. (1968). Fuzzy algorithms. Information and Co ntrol 12 (2) 94102. doi10. 1016/S0019-9958(68)90211-8. ISSN 0019-9958. Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 8 (3) 338353. doi10. 1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X. ISSN 0019-9958. Zemankova-Leech, M. (1983). Fuzzy Relational Data Bases. Ph. D. Dissertation. Florida State University. Zimmermann, H. (2001). Fuzzy set theory and its applications. Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-7435-5. editExternal tie in

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Promote good practice in the support of individuals Essay

1. Understand how the different and evolving theories virtually autism reflect the complexity of sick spectrum mark offs Autism is a lifelong developmental baulk that affects how a soul says with, and relates to, other mass. It also affects how they make sense of the world around them. It is a spectrum condition, which hatefuls that, while all people with autism share received difficulties, their condition will affect them in different ways. Some people with autism are open to live relatively independent lives but others may sport accompanying learning disabilities and need a lifetime of specialist support. People with autism may also experience over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colours. Asperger syndrome is a cook of autism. People with Asperger syndrome are often of average or above average intelligence.They obtain fewer problems with speech but may still have difficulties with savvy and processing language. Some people live with autism for their entire life without ever getting a formal diagnosis. Often this is simply because autism wasnt widely cognise or understood when they were growing up. For adults, a diagnosis of autism female genitalia help to explain why they have always found certain things difficult. For children, it can mean that the right support is put in place from an early age. Autism has been described as a hidden or invisible disability. Although historically associated with intellectual disability, it is straight thought that most people with ASC will be within the normal range of IQ. Whatever the label used, the complexity of the autistic spectrum often renders it easier to misunderstand than it is to recognise. These difficulties, which can make access to services problematic, are further complicated by the generic nature of many services and the fragmented way they view and act to ASC. As a setting we deal with many CYP with ASC, we accommodate these CYP as referable to the high level of violence and behaviour difficulties they display ASC units or Schools for CYP with particularized Learning Difficulties cannot or will not accommodate them.We support our CYP on the ASD spectrum and Aspergers syndrome to help them achieve their full potential. This is because we have a very exceedingly experienced and motivated team. As a staff team we haveoutside agencies much(prenominal) as the National Autistic Society and NEAS. We also have involvement from the local authority learning support staff that has worked closely with the CYP with autistic spectrum condition prior to them coming to us, these past come into our setting to conk us the big picture on these CYP coming to our setting. These support staff are able to give us a clear picture of the postulate and the history of these CYP before they reach our setting. This enables us the meet there inevitably, and make the transition from others schools and settings run smoothly. We also visit the CYP in thei r own environment as this gives them an opportunity to meet us in a setting in which they know and feel comfortable in. One of the most important points to understand about autistic spectrum conditions is that each CYP on the autism spectrum is an individual with their own unique characteristics. CYP with autistic spectrum conditions vary enormously in their abilities, needs, strengths, gifts, preferences and interests. No two individuals with a diagnosis of an autistic spectrum condition are the same, so it is essential not to make any assumptions about them. Autistic assignment causes and theories.Many causes of autism have been proposed, but understanding of the possibleness of causation of autism and the other autism spectrum disorders is incomplete. The heritability of autism is complex and it is typically unclear which genes are responsible. In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects. Many other causes have been proposed, such as childho od immunizations, but numerous clinical studies have shown no scientific evidence supporting any link between vaccinations and autism.Autism spectrum conditions are make up from birth or very early in life. They include childhood autism, Aspergers syndrome, a typical autism and PDD unspecified. In practice many of these conditions may circle with other disorders such as ADHD and affecting more boys than girls. Within my setting most CYP on the ASC spectrum have other conditions many quite complex. another(prenominal) conditions are such as ADHD, ODD, conduct disorder, speech and language difficulties and Tourettes syndrome. In practice although the prevalence in girls is said to be underestimated, these conditions are characterised by significant impairments in instinctive social behaviour, communication and arestricted or repetitive repertoire of behaviours and interests.These core features will affect the persons ability to anticipate the thoughts and actions of others and pred ict day-to-day outcomes on the basis of normally occurring social cues. This lack of ability to anticipate and predict leads to high levels of stress within our CYP and they have difficulties in relating to others. Such difficulties may be accompanied by other neurological or psychiatric conditions that impact on behaviour and work and also on access to services and support. Such conditions include, disorders affecting sensory processing, anxiety, depression and mood, seizures and other medical problems.Autism has a range of diagnostic criteria. This was described by Wing and Gould (1979) as the Triad of Impairments. The triad consists of Problems with social interactionsDifficulties understanding and using non-verbal communications Stands to close to peopleUnaware of different ways to interact with peopleDifficulties initiating and maintaining conversationsInappropriate touchingProblems with communicationAsks repetitive questions.Absence of a desire to communicate.Communicates for own needs, rather than social engagementOwn interest based.May be non-verbal, or slow speech.Problems with imaginationDoes not understand other peoples thoughts or feelings lack of Theory of Mind Does not like flip-flop in routines.Special or focussed interests.Literal thinking.In additional to the three areas of the triad there are also associated difficulties. These include Sensory difficultiesThis may include hypersensitivities (over-sensitive) or hypersensitivities (under-sensitive). Mood disturbances linked to the triadAnxietyAggressionDepressionAs there is an array of criteria within the impairments and associated difficulties the disorder is considered a spectrum condition. For individuals considered on the higher end of the spectrum the individual may have better, learnt social communication and interaction skills, whereas those on the lower end of the spectrum may have significantly delayed communication skills, including a lack of language. As discussed above, sensory and perceptual difficulties are highly common amongst individuals with ASC. These include both hyper- and hypo-sensitivities. See table 1.12 .Be able to promote to others positive communication strategies for individuals with an autistic spectrum condition. Autism is a varied and complex disorder which can affect individuals in a number of ways. ASC affects not but the individual with the diagnosis, but their whole family parents, siblings and others close to them. Below are examples of how ASC can affect different peopleIndividual diagnosed with ASC. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Conditions lives are touched by a wide range of factors including difficulties with communication, social interactions, sensory difficulties, flexibility. This impacts significantly on universal functioning, whereby an individual may not be able to communicate their needs effectively, may have difficulty in social situations, may find everyday sensory input distressing , and changes in everyday life difficult to deal with, which then increases there anxiety level. As a setting we set out an action plan directed to every CYPs individual needs, both in the school setting and residential setting. Each class/staff team have a copy of the plan and this helps us to deal with the individual needs of each CYP.This enables us to prevent the CYP getting too anxious or distressed in situations. In the case of wizard of our CYP with communication difficulties, and also has autistic spectrum condition the action plan is a key concept in the day to day education and understanding for the recent person involved, and also professionals and peers . If the CYPis not understood because of language barriers he becomes extremely forbid and this has a detrimental effect on his behaviour. He will then display very disruptive and dangerous behaviour. We also use things like feelings cards so that the individual can express how they feel, rather than them get frustrated or get to a point and then b ecome anxious.When carriageing at how an individual on the autism spectrum are impacted within their lives it is important to look at the impact of factors such as gender, ethnicity, social, cultural and religious influences. For example, those from an Indian culture are very nurturing with family members with disabilities and autism. This means that the individuals need are met however there is not needs any progression or development. In another example, those from an Orthodox Jewish religious background can feel that having a person with autism in the family is shameful and as a result the individual is hidden from the wider community, this results in a lack of development with the individual with ASC. What further compounds difficulties for those with ASC are separate views, discrimination and lack of understanding about the autism spectrum condition.The media play a major role in promoting these misunderstandings. For example There is a misunderstanding around the ambitious behaviour associated with autism due to the communication and sensory difficulties in autism. In younger children it is often just seen as bad behaviour which should be controlled by the parents and the vestigial causes are not fully understood. Due to the Film Rain Man featuring Dustin Hoffman as an autistic man, many people who have seen the film have the perception that he is a typical person on the autism spectrum and that this is a true reflection. Although Dustin Hoffmans character does have autism he also has savant syndrome which does not necessarily come hand-in-hand with autism (although 50% of savants also have ASC). Parents of individuals on the autism spectrum have their lives highly impacted upon due to their CYPs condition, to ensure that a high level of ceremonial occasion is maintained to ensure their childs safety, which can put huge strain and demand on them. Siblings of those with ASC can also be affected in their everyday lives due to the need of their sibli ngs.Due to parents having to focus on the sibling with ASC, siblings can often feel jealous or left out due to not having much attention. They may also feelrestricted due to the changes required to meet the needs of their ASC sibling. Others close to those on the autism spectrum can have their everyday lives affected due to the changes required for the individual with ASC. This may be aunts and uncles or grandparents, whom try to give parents a break by looking after the CYP with autism or giving time and attention to siblings of the affected CYP.* Focus on children there is an over emphasis on children on the autism spectrum leading to a belief that the condition is child orientated and not a life-long disorder. This disadvantages those adults on the spectrum due to a lack of general understanding or awareness of the condition in adults on the autism spectrum. In supporting understanding about the condition, it is important to ensure that all involved are aware and understand the autism spectrum condition. It is important to assess the level of learning and cognition of the individual with ASC and then focus the information sharing about ASC at individuals level of understanding. It is important to ensure that parents, carers and siblings are well informed about their childrens/siblings condition.After any review meeting or 6 weekly reviews we inform parents and carers of any progress made or any extra support that needs to be put in to place for our CYP. This is in order to ensure that they are aware of the support needs and intervention strategies to help develop an ASC individual. Further, it is very important to ensure that if an individual with ASC is within a care setting to keep parents and family informed of development so they can support this. Without the ongoing knowledge of the CYPs progression they will still view their child as being at the same pegleg of development as they were when they went into the residential setting and as such not be able to support the ongoing development. 654 /

Friday, May 24, 2019

The Evils of a Broken Bone

Finally, the wait was over. Finally, after niner never-ending weeks, I could climb, swim, play, and one time again partake in the legion(predicate) activities that fill the lives of six-year-old girls. The hard, b correct orange constraint near my leg had been weighing down my life, and keeping me from being the carefree child that I knew should be. Finally, as I sat in the back seat of the car headed towards the doctors office, looking out the window at the soft s like a shot, I knew this weight would be removed once and for all. I wondered what it would feel like to move my arm again, and I smiled at the thought of such freedom. I hadnt been so free since that dreadful day nine weeks ago.Mrs. Thompson had just dismissed us for recess, and I sprinted done the doorway into the sunlight. The world was wonderfully bright with fall colors, and I ran out to the playground with the leaves crunching beneath my feet. I looked around the playground, trying to decide where I would play that day. Every piece of equipment was a colored a different vibrant shade. The blue monkey disallow were closest to the school, with the yellow and orange wavy slides behind them. Then there were the green swings and the huge black tires sticking up from the ground. None of those things seemed very enjoyable to me, so after some consideration I walked over to the dome-shaped jungle gym to the left of the swings. It was huge, with shiny red bars criss-crossing like a spiders web.I was feeling extra adventurous that day, and my goal for those twenty minutes of recess was to reach the top of the dome by climbing from the inside, suspended upside-down from my mail and legs. I stepped through the dome, grabbed on to one of the bars with my hands, and swung my body upward so that my feet were supported against one of the lower bars. I slowly began climbing, reaching up to the next highest bar with my right hand, and moving my right foot up to where it had been. Then the left side of m y body followed suit. I continued this process until, sooner than I had expected, I had reached the very top of the dome, facing the bright blue sky and the clouds above. I moved my feet through the top bars and wrapped my knees around them.I decided to let go with my hands, so that I was simply hanging upside down from my knees. I looked down at the woodchips below by this time they were a mile away. I tried not to get intimidated, and was sure I must be invincible if Id made it this far, so I began to swing back and forth from my knees. I was having a wonderful time of it, but suddenly something wasnt right. My mood changed from content to panicked when I swung too hard, my knees came slack from the bar, and I found myself plummeting face-first towards the ground.The woodchips below became more defined as they grew nearer and nearer, and I knew I would soon come into contact with them. I tried to raid my fall with my arms, and when I hit the ground, I heard a loud crack as a sha rp anguish shot through my right arm. Tears welled up in my eyes as I looked at my arm. My wrist didnt look quite straight and I couldnt move it. Cradling my hurt arm with my healthy one, I walked over to the teacher who was nearby.I was determined to be a big girl, and, trying not to cry, I told her what had happened. She immediately helped me inside to the nurses office. That lambert yards to the nurse seemed like a thousand miles, and each step I took was more painful than the last. I didnt understand what was happening. Why did it hurt my arm to empower weight on my legs? As I reached the doorway to go inside, I sadly glanced over my shoulder to take one last look at my beloved playground. Suddenly it didnt look as inviting as it always had. The bright colors had faded into dull and dreary in my minds eye. I had experienced countless joys on this playground it was my friend that had always made sure I was happy and safe. At that moment I felt like my friend had betrayed me.I reached the nurses office in the school, and soon my mom was there to rush me to the hospital. When we got there, the emergency elbow room was jam-packed. The waiting room was full of people with various problems, and nurses and doctors were frantically rivulet around. Some of the other patients in the waiting room included an elderly lady in a wheel chair, a middle-aged man victorious sharp intakes of breath, and a young man with a bleeding ankle.Why did everyone in the world choose this day to get injured? I ask the doctors to focus on me. In all I waited for about an hour. That hour was one of the worst Ive been through. I still hadnt had any pain reliever to emit of, and the pain in my arm was dull, agonizing, and unrelenting. At last, one of the nurses paid me some attention and gave me some thick, syrupy liquid pain reliever. She took me into a dark room and took an x-ray of my arm it was confirmed that I had broken two bones in my forearm.The next thing that happened wa s excruciating. The doctor took me into a room without my parents, and explained that he neces mouldate to reset my arm since it was crooked. He flat out told me that this was going to hurt, and not just a little bit. I sat up on a table, and the doctor gave a hard yank on my wrist. I heard another crack exactly like the one earlier that day, and agonizing pain again shot through my arm. The pain was unbearable, and this time I couldnt keep back the tears. I couldnt understand that the doctor was only trying to help me, and I was angry with him for prolonging my suffering instead of ending it.The worst was over at least as far as physical pain. I got my cast and was on the road to recovery, but the majority of the pain came after my arm stopped hurting. I was normally such a bright, happy, little girl but with a broken arm I was constantly feeling sorry for myself. I kept asking God why I was the one who had to go through this. Why did I have to sit at home while my dad took my sis ter to the indoor pool? Why did I have to sit and watch while my friends played softball? I soon felt like my life and my freedom had been ripped away from me as soon as I heard that crack on the playground.This could never happen again. Nine weeks later, sitting in that waiting room, I thought to myself. My cast would be off in just a couple of minutes, and I would have my freedom back. But I couldnt abuse that freedom. I would always be more careful now I would never again subject myself to the evils of a broken bone.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Martin Luther King

Martin Luther queen mole rat Martin Luther poove was an extremely inspirational Individual, a hu valetitarian, call rights activist In fact. He led the capital of Alabama pile Boycott In 1955, service of processed CLC In 1957, helped to being the March on Washington 1 963 in which he presented his l restrain a Dream saving gaining his re dropation as superstar of the greatest orators in American history. nance, born son of Reverend Martin Luther poof Sir. Spent most of his early life in spite of appearance church, singing amongst the choir in 1939.He attended booking agent T. Washington High school, and then attended Morehouse College without officially graduating school. Then graduated from Crower Theological Seminary with a Bachelor of Totally degree 1951 furthermore, gaining his remediate of Philosophy In 955, achieving an intelligent and large amount of qualifications which, within the time z unmatchable, was extremely unusual as segregation was large within America, specifically, the Deep South. pansy was one of numerous a(prenominal) a(prenominal) leading yet, what made office so highly respected and celebrated was his passion for change. poof is mainly remembered payable to his Inspirational m different tonguees l Have a Dream for example, which he presented during the call rights march on 1963, Washington of August. In which, he gained respect and admiration from peck of all races, being referred to as a Moses by his lieutenants, during his speech aimed for mainly African-Americans and their segregation, calling out with a unprovoking revolution. big businessmans admiration from some individuals was proven amongst his death, 1968, as the non-violent movement came to an immediate halt. Yet, non everyone concur with Kings tactics, Malcolm X for example, degenerate Kings non-violent approach, stating that If the military personnel puts a hand on you- send him to the cemetery Portraying that human self-defense should be remissive, numerous black individuals praised Malcolm X due to this and believed that a man of bravery should fight dorsum, therefore winning his opponents respect.On the separate hand, although many applauded Malcolm X for his opinion of self-defense, a larger quantity of black individuals kick upstairs Kings approach characterization that his judgment and approaches were more successful and presented within a better light, creating confirming for change. Martins many speeches create a hair rising upshot, touching our patrol wagon and Imaginations, why?King simply used Imagery, as of which a writer would within his books to grab their reader, yet, Kings persuasive imagery created a stir of emotional change, make his proceed worders to create their finished world in their heads , a desegregated America. This then resulted in why Kings many followers, did follow him, his powerful, persuasive speeches along with his actions that backed up his many expects. One of which, the capital of Alabama Bus Boycott, 1955, lasting 382 days In which King provided leadership for the demonstration.The NAACP, Womens Political Company and King drafted three demands for the bus company seating is to be addressable on a first-come, first-serve axis, drivers present more respect towards black passengers and besides, black drivers argon hired. Almost 20,000 black individuals supported the MOB resulting in numerous buses impelled with empty seats due to black tribes usual need for bus transport to and from work, The bus companys refusal resulted In the organization of WA promise as a leader from only twenty-six, Kings leadership skills commenced and transformed from this.The Montgomery Bus Boycott eventually ended, resulting in a huge change within Montgomery and Kings life, creating convinced(p) for change within lack communities and sparking Martins lead to fame and admiration. Following on from this, during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, King had a religious epiphany in whi ch, when praying loud felt the explosive presence of God, describing this as a never before presence.King explained that this experience re bringed him to the path style of danger of the Boycott and further protests, despite the threat that portrayed. Ghanese on the other hand, was a nonher(prenominal) major influence for King. Shindigs policy of non-violence within India Kings Involvement in civil rights was therefore tryingly related to Protestant faith. The success of the Bus Boycott fixed King as president of the CLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) in 1957, the ideals, Christianity yet the method of non-violence, Ghanaian.The assassination of Martin Luther King, 4th April 1968, was a shock to many, the recent killing of washbowl F. Kennedy was as great a shock and Kings assassination was the final straw. Depression and anger flooded the streets, black individuals protested one time again, yet with violence. permanent cocktails, bricks and guns were aimed towa rds anything that depicted unclouded schism, once night drew, more than 100,000 black individuals created havoc and chaos across the aimry.The assassination of Martin Luther King destroyed the words he once talk, non-violence Their fight for independence and desegregation which was once a non-violent movement came crashing down perhaps to represent the life they had taken, the man which had persuaded the black community as swell as many clear individuals to come to suither, the man who made a change, the man who was widely known and favored was now gone. Martin Luther King, the man who changed the world. Word count 852Martin Luther KingAlan stonemason period 8 Martin Luther King v. Malcolm X Martin Luther King has been known for employ peace to help him get equality among all people exclusively specially African-Americans. He was not the type of leader that resorted to violence in order to get the equality that he fought for. King has been known for wretched people by the use of his speeches like Kings I Have a Dream and Vive Been to the Mountaintop speeches. King shows through these speeches that even though he was determined to get equal rights for every African-American, he as only sack to stick to subtle, nonviolent slipway like court cases, protest, and boycotts.This philosophy Is the exact opposite to Malcolm X, another Call Rights Leader, who panorama that African American should not waste their time on protest and boycotts (Document 7). Malcolm, like King, was not In favor of violence exclusively believe that African Americans should by all meaner use violence to protect themselves when they attacked by racists (Document 9). But, Martin Luther Kings philosophy was more beneficial for the African-American community then Malcolm Axs because the labor that he put into his nonviolent philosophy made gaining rights more successful and more meaningful.Martin Luther King showed that he had the better philosophy compared to Malcolm X because of his stance on violence. One way King upheld his beliefs was through protest. King said in his Our God is Marching speech, We are on the move now. The burning of our churches entrust not deter us. We are on the move now. The bombing of our homes will not dissuade us (Document 4). So Protesters, including King himself were having their homes burned down for retesting for what they believe is right. In March of 1965 King and other protesters walked in order to raise awareness of the need for a Voting Right Act. This Act was passed later that year.But even though they achieved their goal for choose right does not mean that the protesters did not receive opposition for their actions. Mass arrest, police attacks, and state troopers blockading all occurred throughout the walk. If King chose to fight back then that could have either delayed getting the Voting Right Act approved, or it may have been felt that African-Americans did not deserve to get the Act approved. But King Just showed b y obtaining from violence you can still get what you extremity. Martin Luther King showed that there were other ways to fight for what you want aside form fighting itself.King did this by using boycotts and strikes. He said, There Is nothing quite so potent as refusal to sustain economically with the forces and Institutions. King realized that one of the ways he was going to get American to give them the rights that African-Americans wanted was by disrupting the flow of money that was going Into the Caucasian shops. This meaner by not buying from places that o not offer Jobs for African-Americans then those businesses would see how much they needed the African-American community, even If It meant having to hire African- American workers.Malcolm X did not agree with boycotts and strikes he said, We have to learn how to own and operate the businesses of our community and develop to be involved in picketing and boycotting other people in other communities in order to get a Job (Doc ument 7). But this idea completely went against the philosophy of being unitedly not separate. If this would have happened then the province would eave always been separate and things would have never been equal.Martin Luther king has been known for using his words instead of his fist when it comes to defending what he many thousands of others believed to be correct. King once said in his I Have a Dream speech that he had a dream that former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood They will not be Judged by the touch of their skin entirely by their character We will be able to work together, pray together, to struggle together, to go o Jail together, to climb up for liberty together (Document 2).King fought for African Americans rights by using his words. He told the people of his desires for and equal and fair life where people could live in harmony with from each one other and not be judged by their skin tone. He thought of a time where there would be no more separate but equal as were stated prior, people would be able to work together And go to Jail together. (Document 2) So by using his speeches where thousands of people came to listen to him talk, he locomote a nation to be in favor of his reasonings.In conclusion, Martin Luther Kings philosophy was more beneficial for the African- American community then Malcolm Axs because the effort that he put into his nonviolent philosophy made gaining rights more successful and more meaningful. King kept up with his no violence idea by combat-ready in other things that got Americas attention like protest, boycotts and speeches. King gainr to achieve equality and because of his hard efforts he has succeeded in more ways than one to help African-Americans get the resembling civil rights as Caucasian Americans.Martin Luther KingI admire Martin Luther King Jr. his transformational leadership was and remains important throughout American Histo ry. He inspired thousands of people with his speeches. His famous speech I Had a Dream shows his leadership style, he was very effective in giving his contentedness. Although many transformational leaders have been remembered in the past decades, Martin Luther King Jr. has created a legacy. If it wasnt for his transformational leadership, our nation could be in a different mindset overall. He had a way to get people working together rather than fighting.He was quiet and listened slowly while others would speak. His fancys developed easily with others to excite and qualify followers. His example of a servant leadership is the most important lesson I feel he has left behind. Being a servant leader that offers not only inclusive vision, but listens carefully to others, persuades through reasons and helps while building the community. Believing in others was key to his success. Transformational leaders create visions that inspire and motivate others to strive for a goal in leading ot hers.Martin Luther King was passionate about his visions and was committed to success no matter what he had to face. He was a sermoniser who believed when people were seeing what the color of your skin was they were all equal in Gods eyes. One idea that Martin Luther King shared in his message was how freedom could be accomplished without violence. He preached racial equality and wanted a nonviolent world filled with peace. Martin Luther King had an effective way of utterance to people. Usually he spoke to large emotional crowds, encouraging peace.His self-confidence translated to courage. Dr. King had the ability to create and communicate his visions during his speech. His persuasion and demeanor made him an effective leader. He was able to motivate thousands of people who were in desperate need and angry people who acted violently. He changed their perspective and led them to non violent acts. He was direct and honest. He was a man of influence because he knew the existing condit ions and focused on changing the culture. It was a challenge to work against angry people who resisted him because he wanted a change.Martin Luther King was successful though his followers, his example of being non-violent and living in peace led his followers to have the same vision and live it. He was able to shift an entre culture by using the transformational leadership style to effectively motivate change throughout the world. Martin Luther King demonstrate his role as a leader by showing how much he cared and putting needs of others first. His way of motivating others with his speech opened hopeful views for his followers. His leadership style reached many peoples lives and gave them an emotional connection, which led to more followers.His message wasnt only what caught the followers attention, but his take of education qualified him to be a respected leader. Many African Americans at the time were not graduating high school, yet he had a PhD from a respected school named B oston University. As weve learned transformational leaders also show Individual consideration in the same way Leaders also mentor followers by teaching and sharing knowledge and skills in addition to showing emotional concern and support. (Weiss, 2012). Martin Luther King also showed tell apart consideration to his followers, and it was well trusted by his followers.Martin Luther King Jr. included ethical standards to consistently attempt to do the right thing. Leaders using their vision to inspire and transform will show in their actions. He was known to practice the same leadership he preached. Martin Luther King always spoke about the hopes and aspirations of his followers. His actions appealed to peoples highest standards of ethics and morality which is where most of his decisions came from. Great leaders possess high ethical standards and set examples for their followers who do the right thing.Martin Luther KingMartin Luther King Martin Luther King was an extremely inspiratio nal Individual, a humanitarian, call rights activist In fact. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott In 1955, helped CLC In 1957, helped to being the March on Washington 1 963 in which he presented his l Have a Dream speech gaining his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. King, born son of Reverend Martin Luther King Sir. Spent most of his early life within church, singing amongst the choir in 1939.He attended booker T. Washington High school, and then attended Morehouse College without officially graduating school. Then graduated from Crower Theological Seminary with a Bachelor of Totally degree 1951 furthermore, gaining his Doctor of Philosophy In 955, achieving an intelligent and large amount of qualifications which, within the time zone, was extremely unusual as segregation was large within America, specifically, the Deep South.King was one of many leaders yet, what made King so highly respected and celebrated was his passion for change. King is mainly rem embered due to his Inspirational speeches l Have a Dream for example, which he presented during the call rights march on 1963, Washington of August. In which, he gained respect and admiration from people of all races, being referred to as a Moses by his lieutenants, during his speech aimed for mainly African-Americans and their segregation, calling out with a nonviolent revolution.Kings admiration from many individuals was proven amongst his death, 1968, as the non-violent movement came to an immediate halt. Yet, not everyone agreed with Kings tactics, Malcolm X for example, flight of stairs Kings non-violent approach, stating that If the man puts a hand on you- send him to the cemetery Portraying that human self-defense should be remissive, many black individuals praised Malcolm X due to this and believed that a man of bravery should fight back, therefore winning his opponents respect.On the other hand, although many applauded Malcolm X for his opinion of self-defense, a larger qu antity of black individuals favored Kings approach characterisation that his judgment and approaches were more successful and presented within a better light, creating positivist for change. Martins many speeches create a hair rising upshot, touching our hearts and Imaginations, why?King simply used Imagery, as of which a writer would within his books to grab their reader, yet, Kings persuasive imagery created a stir of emotional change, causing his listeners to create their holy world in their heads , a desegregated America. This then resulted in why Kings many followers, did follow him, his powerful, persuasive speeches along with his actions that backed up his many promises. One of which, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955, lasting 382 days In which King provided leadership for the demonstration.The NAACP, Womens Political Company and King drafted three demands for the bus company seating is to be addressable on a first-come, first-serve axis, drivers have more respect towards b lack passengers and also, black drivers are hired. Almost 20,000 black individuals supported the MOB resulting in numerous buses compulsive with empty seats due to black peoples usual need for bus transport to and from work, The bus companys refusal resulted In the organization of WA promise as a leader from only twenty-six, Kings leadership skills commenced and transformed from this.The Montgomery Bus Boycott eventually ended, resulting in a huge change within Montgomery and Kings life, creating positivist for change within lack communities and sparking Martins lead to fame and admiration. Following on from this, during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, King had a religious epiphany in which, when praying aloud felt the abrupt presence of God, describing this as a never before presence.King explained that this experience redirected him to the pathway of danger of the Boycott and further protests, despite the threat that portrayed. Ghanaian on the other hand, was another major influence for King. Shindigs policy of non-violence within India Kings Involvement in civil rights was therefore tryingly related to Protestant faith. The success of the Bus Boycott placed King as president of the CLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) in 1957, the ideals, Christianity yet the method of non-violence, Ghanaian.The assassination of Martin Luther King, 4th April 1968, was a shock to many, the recent killing of bathroom F. Kennedy was as great a shock and Kings assassination was the final straw. Depression and anger flooded the streets, black individuals protested once again, yet with violence. Molotov cocktails, bricks and guns were aimed towards anything that depicted white schism, once night drew, more than 100,000 black individuals created havoc and chaos across the country.The assassination of Martin Luther King destroyed the words he once spoke, non-violence Their fight for freedom and desegregation which was once a non-violent movement came crashing down perhaps to represent the life they had taken, the man which had persuaded the black community as well as many white individuals to come together, the man who made a change, the man who was widely known and favored was now gone. Martin Luther King, the man who changed the world. Word count 852Martin Luther KingMartin Luther King Martin Luther King was an extremely inspirational Individual, a humanitarian, call rights activist In fact. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott In 1955, helped CLC In 1957, helped to organism the March on Washington 1 963 in which he presented his l Have a Dream speech gaining his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. King, born son of Reverend Martin Luther King Sir. Spent most of his early life within church, singing amongst the choir in 1939.He attended Booker T. Washington High school, and then attended Morehouse College without officially graduating school. Then graduated from Crower Theological Seminary with a Bachelor of Totally degree 1 951 furthermore, gaining his Doctor of Philosophy In 955, achieving an intelligent and large amount of qualifications which, within the time zone, was extremely unusual as segregation was large within America, specifically, the Deep South.King was one of many leaders yet, what made King so highly respected and celebrated was his passion for change. King is mainly remembered due to his Inspirational speeches l Have a Dream for example, which he presented during the call rights march on 1963, Washington of August. In which, he gained respect and admiration from people of all races, being referred to as a Moses by his lieutenants, during his speech aimed for mainly African-Americans and their segregation, calling out with a nonviolent revolution.Kings admiration from many individuals was proven amongst his death, 1968, as the non-violent movement came to an immediate halt. Yet, not everyone agreed with Kings tactics, Malcolm X for example, flying Kings non-violent approach, stating tha t If the man puts a hand on you- send him to the cemetery Portraying that human self-defense should be remissive, many black individuals praised Malcolm X due to this and believed that a man of bravery should fight back, therefore winning his opponents respect.On the other hand, although many applauded Malcolm X for his opinion of self-defense, a larger quantity of black individuals favored Kings approach portraying that his judgment and approaches were more successful and presented within a better light, creating positivist for change. Martins many speeches create a hair rising upshot, touching our hearts and Imaginations, why?King simply used Imagery, as of which a writer would within his books to grab their reader, yet, Kings persuasive imagery created a stir of emotional change, causing his listeners to create their perfect world in their heads , a desegregated America. This then resulted in why Kings many followers, did follow him, his powerful, persuasive speeches along with h is actions that backed up his many promises. One of which, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955, lasting 382 days In which King provided leadership for the demonstration.The NAACP, Womens Political Company and King drafted three demands for the bus company seating is to be available on a first-come, first-serve axis, drivers have more respect towards black passengers and also, black drivers are hired. Almost 20,000 black individuals supported the MOB resulting in numerous buses driven with empty seats due to black peoples usual need for bus transport to and from work, The bus companys refusal resulted In the organization of WA promise as a leader from only twenty-six, Kings leadership skills commenced and transformed from this.The Montgomery Bus Boycott eventually ended, resulting in a huge change within Montgomery and Kings life, creating positivist for change within lack communities and sparking Martins lead to fame and admiration. Following on from this, during the Montgomery Bus Boy cott, King had a religious epiphany in which, when praying aloud felt the sudden presence of God, describing this as a never before presence.King explained that this experience redirected him to the pathway of danger of the Boycott and further protests, despite the threat that portrayed. Ghanaian on the other hand, was another major influence for King. Shindigs policy of non-violence within India Kings Involvement in civil rights was therefore tryingly related to Protestant faith. The success of the Bus Boycott placed King as president of the CLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) in 1957, the ideals, Christianity yet the method of non-violence, Ghanaian.The assassination of Martin Luther King, 4th April 1968, was a shock to many, the recent killing of John F. Kennedy was as great a shock and Kings assassination was the final straw. Depression and anger flooded the streets, black individuals protested once again, yet with violence. Molotov cocktails, bricks and guns were aim ed towards anything that depicted white schism, once night drew, more than 100,000 black individuals created havoc and chaos across the country.The assassination of Martin Luther King destroyed the words he once spoke, non-violence Their fight for freedom and desegregation which was once a non-violent movement came crashing down perhaps to represent the life they had taken, the man which had persuaded the black community as well as many white individuals to come together, the man who made a change, the man who was widely known and favored was now gone. Martin Luther King, the man who changed the world. Word count 852Martin Luther KingAlan Mason period 8 Martin Luther King v. Malcolm X Martin Luther King has been known for using peace to help him get equality among all people but especially African-Americans. He was not the type of leader that resorted to violence in order to get the equality that he fought for. King has been known for moving people by the use of his speeches like Ki ngs I Have a Dream and Vive Been to the Mountaintop speeches. King shows through these speeches that even though he was determined to get equal rights for every African-American, he as only going to stick to subtle, nonviolent ways like court cases, protest, and boycotts.This philosophy Is the exact opposite to Malcolm X, another Call Rights Leader, who thought that African American should not waste their time on protest and boycotts (Document 7). Malcolm, like King, was not In favor of violence but believe that African Americans should by all meaner use violence to protect themselves when they attacked by racists (Document 9). But, Martin Luther Kings philosophy was more beneficial for the African-American community then Malcolm Axs because the effort that he put into his nonviolent philosophy made gaining rights more successful and more meaningful.Martin Luther King showed that he had the better philosophy compared to Malcolm X because of his stance on violence. One way King uphel d his beliefs was through protest. King said in his Our God is Marching speech, We are on the move now. The burning of our churches will not deter us. We are on the move now. The bombing of our homes will not dissuade us (Document 4). So Protesters, including King himself were having their homes burned down for retesting for what they believe is right. In March of 1965 King and other protesters walked in order to raise awareness of the need for a Voting Right Act. This Act was passed later that year.But even though they achieved their goal for voting right does not mean that the protesters did not receive opposition for their actions. Mass arrest, police attacks, and state troopers blockading all occurred throughout the walk. If King chose to fight back then that could have either delayed getting the Voting Right Act approved, or it may have been felt that African-Americans did not deserve to get the Act approved. But King Just showed by obtaining from violence you can still get wha t you want. Martin Luther King showed that there were other ways to fight for what you want aside form fighting itself.King did this by using boycotts and strikes. He said, There Is nothing quite so effective as refusal to cooperate economically with the forces and Institutions. King realized that one of the ways he was going to get American to give them the rights that African-Americans wanted was by disrupting the flow of money that was going Into the Caucasian shops. This meaner by not buying from places that o not offer Jobs for African-Americans then those businesses would see how much they needed the African-American community, even If It meant having to hire African- American workers.Malcolm X did not agree with boycotts and strikes he said, We have to learn how to own and operate the businesses of our community and develop to be involved in picketing and boycotting other people in other communities in order to get a Job (Document 7). But this idea completely went against th e philosophy of being together not separate. If this would have happened then the country would eave always been separate and things would have never been equal.Martin Luther king has been known for using his words instead of his fist when it comes to defending what he many thousands of others believed to be correct. King once said in his I Have a Dream speech that he had a dream that former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood They will not be Judged by the color of their skin but by their character We will be able to work together, pray together, to struggle together, to go o Jail together, to climb up for freedom together (Document 2).King fought for African Americans rights by using his words. He told the people of his desires for and equal and fair life where people could live in harmony with each other and not be judged by their skin tone. He thought of a time where there would be no more separate but equal as were stated prior, people would be able to work together And go to Jail together. (Document 2) So by using his speeches where thousands of people came to listen to him talk, he moved a nation to be in favor of his reasonings.In conclusion, Martin Luther Kings philosophy was more beneficial for the African- American community then Malcolm Axs because the effort that he put into his nonviolent philosophy made gaining rights more successful and more meaningful. King kept up with his no violence idea by participating in other things that got Americas attention like protest, boycotts and speeches. King striver to achieve equality and because of his hard efforts he has succeeded in more ways than one to help African-Americans get the same civil rights as Caucasian Americans.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

The Role of English in Our Lives

The role of English in our lives has got much importance. English may be a foreign language, barely it is international in its significance. It is taken as a lingua France, the common language , for all parts of the world today. The importance of English language in our lives is as firstly , it is spoken , read or understood in most parts of the world. Due to this language, we can belong to whole world as well as to our own country. Secondly, the role of English in our lives is that it is truly the language of science and technology. No other language offers such a panoptic scope for scientific studies and research in English.Without our mastery of English, we could not have easily used atomic energy for power generation, in engineering projects , checkup treatment etc. Thirdly, the most major role of English is that it offers us treasures of knowledge in all social sciences like history, political science, economics , anthropology , sociology , ism an psychology. Fourthly ,it pl ays its role in modern medicine and surgery , developed from world wide studies and researches in different countries and language, now make a enormous store house of medical knowledge in English. Lastly, religious and spiritual writings and translations in English are in plenty .All the set apart books including the Holy Quran and Bible with diverse translation find their pride of place in the section of religious books in any good library or book gallery. knowing how to speak it is definately a plus as it is the universal language (it allows you to communicate w/ ppl from other countries and learn and share ideas with them) and the pet language used in most schools and business establishments (lets face it, its hard to do well in school if youre poor in English as most books are written in english and schools use it as their medium of instruction o succeed in school and in ones career, english proficiency is needed). in some countries where english is a 2nd language, it is al so seen as a status symbol i. e. , it is thought that only the rich and the ameliorate can speak the language fluently.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Education Finance Essay

1. 1Background to the view The importance of nurture discussion sectionicularly in the 21st century to the keep down development of an man-to-man is increasingly organism over emphasized. This is due to the fact that an un ameliorate individual has little or nothing to conjure the participation in terms of acquired wisdom. It is therefore not surprising that close p arents are now underdeveloped keen interest ab off the precept of their electric razorren, a situation that leads them to want to know more as well as partake in what goes on in spite of appearance the preparehouse system.In all countries of the world, teaching is recognized as the cornerst whiz of whatsoever structure for sustainable development of any nation. It is a fulcrum somewhat which the quick development of scotch, political, sociological and piece country revolves. In Nigeria, the strike for popular knowledge is so high because reproduction is not only an investment in forgiving roof, bu t as well pre-requisite as well as correlated for economic development (Adeyemo 2000). The belief that bringing up is an engine of growth rests on the quantity and quality of procreation in any country.In fact, the National insurance on culture (19816) states that education is the sterling(prenominal) investment that the nation can nock for the quick development of its economic, political, sociological and human resources. It further adds that education shall bide to be highly rated in the national development plans because education is the most of import instrument of change and that any fundamental change in the intellectual and social observation post of any society has to be preceded by educational revolution.Education, from the pragmatics perspective could be seen as the organization of throw into a holistic social intelligence for dealing with future experiences. The idealists see education as the horticulture of the desirable state of mind. Sociologically, it is se en as the dissemination of culture to the young generation. In an other(prenominal) words, education is the mathematical process by which the individual acquires the many physical and social capabilities demanded of him by the group into which he is born and within which he must function,(Ohikhokhai, 2002 154).A Similar definition by Fafanwa states It is the aggregate of all the processes by which a kid or adult develops the abilities, attitudes and other forms of behaviour which are of positive revalue to the society in which he lives, that is to say it is a process of disseminating noesis any to ensure social curb or to guarantee rational goion of the society or some(prenominal). (Fafanwa, 1972 8) There is no gainsaying the fact that Nigerias educational system at every take (Primary, Secondary and tertiary) has been experiencing a down turn in the last few years.One of much(prenominal) reasons could be attributed to the under financing of the educational sector. The su ccess of a child in education depends largely on what the child is taught in prime(a) cultivate. In other words, original declare education is a ground upon which all other levels of education are built. many an(prenominal) researches have revealed that good teaching particularly at the primary level, lay a solid foundation for higher studies and can make a lot of difference in students learning and ability to take with other intent challenges (Adepoju 2001).In order words, since the rest of the education system is built upon primary education, the primary level is the key to the success or failure of the whole system. Apart from home as the low gear agent of socialization, primary school is the first place that introduces formal education or literacy to the children. The National Policy on Education 2004 watchs Primary Education as the education given in institutions for children aged 6 to 11 plus for a duration of six years.This definition is also chokeed by the ext ernal Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) which states that, Primary Education (ISCED level 1) also known as basal education, refer to the education programmes that are normally designed on a unit or device basis to give schoolchilds a sound basic education in reading, writing and mathematics, along with an elementary understanding of other sources such as history, geography, natural science, social science, art and music The goals of primary education as stated in the National Policy on Education NPE, Section 3(16) is to i.Inculcate eonian literacy and numeracy, and the ability to communicate impressively ii. Lay a sound basis for scientific and shineive mentation iii. Give citizenship education as a basis for effective participation in and contribution to the life of the society iv. Mound the character and develop sound attitude and morals in the child v. surface in the child the ability to adapt to his/her changing environment vi.Give the child opportunities for developing manipulative skills that will enable him to function effectively in the society within the limits of his/her capacity vii. Provide the child with basic tools for further educational advancement including preparation for trades and crafts of the locality Inspite of governments inscription to the proviso of basic education for all, dwindling financial resources coupled with sectoral competition for resources may hinder its progress.According to Hallak (1990), ordered waves of economic and educational crises affected the efforts of government and social demand for education so that education both the general tensions in the development of education and the imbalances that had emerged in the previous two decades were aggravated. Nevertheless, inspite of the huge financial commitment and the high priority given to education, experts and scholars still doubts the adequacy of the fund in meeting with the growing students enrolment.In view of the foregoing, the government alo ne may not be able to meet the social demand for quality basic education. Therefore, cloak-and-dagger sector participation in the ownership and control of schools is inevitable thereby complementing the efforts of government. The decade from 1990 witnessed an upsurge in the number of personal institutions of learning in Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. Before this decade, most African Countries committed much of their use of goods and servicess on human race education, which dish outd as an instrument for expression the nation, hobby independence.Today, there is pressure on African governments to shift from subsidization to privatization of their educational systems. Friedmans (1955) theories on the privatization of education were and touch to be tined by researches who contended that unrestricted educational institutions lack incentives to improve educational systems. Among others, Chubb and Moe (1990) and Coleman (1997) argued that allowing school choice, mai nly through the promotion of mysterious schools, would improve educational markets. umpteen important educational conclusions are related to apostrophize of schooling.Information on appeal is necessary to monitor resource allocation over time, to diagnose the function status of the education system, and to evaluate the efficiency in resource use of goods and services (Tsang 2002). Specifically, equal of education refers to the resources utilize in the production of education services. They include not only public consumption on education, but also snobbish resources invested in education (Tsang & Kidchanapanish, 1992) make ups in this get word are used to signify private speak to of education incurred by the individual schoolchilds and their families, and institutional prices of education incurred by the institution of learning.Tsang (1995), refers to private terms of education as those resources bidd by household, individuals, and the community to support the produc tion of educational services, which could be in form of Direct Private bells Tuition Fees which is only include in this subject, Private Contribution donations in the form of cash/gifts and indirect bells economic value of forgone opportunities of school Babalola 1995 defines institutional cost of education as be borne by the institution of learning. They consist of repeated and gravid cost.The continual be are mainly what we are concerned with in this study. An ideal costing system carnal knowledge to the input-output will enhance quality decision and planning programme for schools. The accurate knowledge of costing strain will aid decision makers in the schools on the best alternative that may be considered in the management of the schools system. An ideal costing system will also enable parents, families etc to determine the cost strength of enroling their children into private primary schools. 1. 2Statement of the Problem.The problem of rising cost tuition fees in ed ucating pupils in private primary schools in Akinyele Local presidency which has become an issue of concern to parents, families, wards and stakeholders a wish well. There is the need for private primary school administrators to pay serious attention to the causes and consequences of these rising be which could sometimes be as a issuanceant of high continual costs, with a view to controlling them while keeping pace with quality and productiveness in the private primary school system. In view of the above therefore, this study endeavours to provide answers to the following research questions 1.3Research Questions 1. What is the broad(a) enrolment of each of the v 5 selected private primary schools in Akinyele Local political relation Area from 2006-2010? 2. How much is the amount incurred by the schools in the five (5) years period on perennial cost? 3. How much is the amount borne by families, parents or wards with five (5) years period on direct private cost per pupil tuit ion fees? 4. What is the correlation between direct private cost per pupil tuition fees and continual cost per pupil? 5. What are the sources of gross available to the schools in sourcing for funds for the smooth hurry of the school? 1.4Purpose of the Study The main aim of this study is to attempt to provide an analysis of the entireness direct private cost tuition fees, heart and soul recurrent cost and sources of finance of private primary school system in Nigeria over the period of 5 years (2006-2010 academic years) with private primary schools in Akinyele Local political relation as the case study. The study also attempt to highlight on the following a. To determine the total enrolment of the five (5) selected private primary schools in Akinyele Local Government Area from 2006-2010 b. To determine the recurrent cost per pupil incurred by the school for five (5) years. c.To determine the direct private cost tuition fees per pupil borne by pupils, parents families etc for fi ve (5) years d. To determine the Correlation between direct private cost per pupil and recurrent cost per pupil incurred will be determined for the five years (2006-2010) e. To determine sources of revenue available to the schools from 2006-2010 1. 5Significance of the Study This study will be significant in the following ways Firstly, it would serve as a source of statistical data information to primary school administrators and stakeholders alike for effective and efficient planning and cost control in private primary schools.Secondly, the study will provide the basic x-ray of cost pattern in Nigerian private primary schools from which future judgment with respect to plans, policies and programmes can be made. To this end, primary school administrators will be able to guide against any future deviation from expected goals Thirdly, the study could also provide private primary school administrators knowledge on the best decision to make with regards to the issues of pupils enrolmen t, staff employment, maintenance and so on. Also, the study will issue the amount of gold expended by the five (5) schools within the five (5) years period in recurrent costs.Furthermore, the study will disclose the direct private cost borne by pupils, families etc in the schools within the five years period. Lastly, the study will find the relationship between private direct cost per pupil and recurrent cost per pupil in the five (5) selected schools 1. 6Scope and Limitation of the Study This study guidancees on the historic analysis of recurrent costs, private direct costs tuition fees and revenue sources using private primary schools in Akinyele Local Government as a case study.The study is, however limited to 5 out of the 24 registered private primary schools in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state as at 2006-2010. Owning to the fact that the recurrent education expenditure increasingly accounts for greater percentage of the total not bad(p) and recurrent expenditures in Africa, this study concerns only the recurrent expenditure incurred by the schools, direct private costs borne by the pupils, families etc and sources of finance.This is in line with Coombs and Hallak (198755) and Mingat and Tan (198826) who rightly observed that most analysis of unit costs focus on recurrent outgo because jacket crown costs typically are only small part (in Africa, less than 20 percent) of the cost of education. According to Mingat and Tan, unless the objective is to access the cost of building additional school places (which is not the case in this study), the analysis of unit costs is ordinarily directed at recurrent spending.Federal government primary schools and public primary schools are not included in this study because the study deals with only selected private primary schools 1. 7Operational Definition of Terms In order to enhance come apart understanding of this research object, certain operational terms that were used are clearly defined to refl ect the specific situation with which they are used. Cost This refers to the actual or notional expenditure incurred on or attributes to, a specific thing or activity.It refers to what is given up in order to condition an individual or group of individual. Although, total cost in education is a function of capital and recurrent cost, the cost referred to in this research work is specifically recurrent expenditure which constitutes about 80% of the total expenditure in the primary schools. Cost is used interchangeably with expenditure in this research institutional Cost This refers to what the institutions of learning (primary schools) have to give up in order to provide education or train the pupils.They are both capital and recurrent costs. However, institutional cost in this project excludes capital costs. Private Cost These are borne by the individual pupils and their families. They relate to both direct and indirect costs of education which are borne through tuition fees, earni ng forgone, additional life-time costs, books uniform and transport. However, private cost in this project includes only tuition fees direct private cost Recurrent Cost These are those costs for goods and services consumed in the range of a budget year, and which must be regularly replaced.Here, it include such get downs incurred on items such as staff salaries and allowances, maintenance, payments of electricity bills, purchases of materials needs etc Recurrent cost is also known as the running cost of education Unit Cost This is the average cost incurred in providing academic service to the pupils. It is figure by dividing the total expenditure per session by the number of students enrolled. In its operational term, the unit cost here refers to the actual amount or expenditure incurred per pupil during the course of the teaching-learning process in the primary schools.Its determination here does not however include expenditure on Capital items. pay Finance correspond to the context of this study is the act of raising or sourcing for funds for the running of the school. School A school according to the context of this study refers to primary schools where formal teaching process takes place. CHAPTER TWO criticism OF RELATED LITERATURE In this chapter the literature review is made under the following headings 1. Concept of Cost 2. Cost of Education 3. Private Cost of Education 4. Direct Private Cost of Education Tuition Fees 5.institutional Cost of Education 6. Recurrent Cost 7. Unit Cost of Education 8. Cost Determinants 9. Cost promise Strategies 10. Sources of Revenue for Education 1. CONCEPT OF equal The definition of cost is very open, as it means a lot to different people. People tend to define or use it to say their purpose. To some cost is the price paid for a commodity or for the consumption of goods and services. In economic term, the concept of cost if perceived as something which is given up in order to have another. In more a precise way, we can monetary say that cost is alternative forgone.It may be the monetary expense on education. In its broad usage cost implies the resources money, materials and men used up for the operation of a calling enterprise Lipsey, 1976 Aghenta, 1993 Babalola 1991 also gave credence to this assertion that cost is a rhythm of what is given up in order to produce or consume a commodity. Adedeji 2002, see cost as a bank bill of what is given up in order to produce or consume a commodity, Agunbiade 1997 citing Pandit 1979 stated that expenditure is the total financial resources allocated to a specific economic activity for a given period usually a year.Unit cost analysis helps the understanding of the internal efficiency of the use of resources at the institutional level. Cost effectiveness analysis relates cost of inputs used up in the teaching-learning process with the output. This helps decision makers to make rational choices between various alternative courses of action. Unit cost helps planners to know the cost of keeping a student at school, operating a school etc. The unit cost required by a student in a year is referred to as input and educational planners have of youthful named it the student year.Unit cost has been the basis for funding education in Nigeria, for example, when the Federal Government launched its Free Education Programme in 1977, it used unit cost in allocating funds to the scheme, that is cardinal naira per pupil (Daily Times of Nigeria, 4th January 1980, Editorial Comment). Longe (1988) maintained cost information is crucial in decision making as it facilitates efforts to make the best but the least costly choice among alternatives.In the outlet of embarking on any programme without considering the cost such programme end up being a white elephant project which will only lead to wastage of heard earned resources. 2. COST OF EDUCATION Many scholars have tried to define cost of education over the ages. Akanbgou 1981 defines cost of edu cation as being all the real resources used up in the production of human assets. He agreed with Pandit and Bourgeis who define cost as the real resources used up in the form of educated manpower.Obasi 1983 observed cost of education as the sum total of all the resources used up in the production of human capital asset in the form of educated manpower. Longe 1988 defines cost of education as the value of all the resources in terms of money and sacrifice used to accomplish educational project. That is, to produce and educated person. This definition could imply not concerned with monetary outlay and expenses on education but also the income forgone on opportunity cost which represents the real charges resulting from the operation of the educational system.Babalola 1995 posited that education cost is a measure of what a student, an institution of learning or the public has to give up in order to educate an individual. small-arm Adedeji 1994 quoted by Oladejo 2002 opines that educatio nal cost represent the value of all the resources in term of money and sacrifice used to accomplish a given educational or project. This definition implies that the expenditure in an educational institution is the monetary expenses incurred by the institution to produce an educated person.In the view of Babalola 2000, he sees cost of education as the total resources devoted to education, this includes direct money outlays tuition fees, expenditures on additional living items, books, uniform and transport. They also include indirect financial burdens in form of opportunity cost measured as the deviation of income incurred either by the individual or by the society as a result of schooling. He stressed further by saying cost of education include non monetary cost which include such things as the burden of study and for some students, pain of being away from home.The loss of opportunity to earn wages or salaries in the labour market is the rightful(a) cost of the individual student o f his or her decision to enroll in a full-time or part-time course of education. The cost of education to a country consists of total public education expenditure, total direct private cost, total indirect private cost measured in terms of forgone earnings, improperly estimated educational cost on government education expenditures. Expenditure on education overtime has been observed to be on the adjoin across different levels of education in most countries of the world and in Nigeria in particular.It should be noted however, that the cost of emphasizes is the recurrent cost which constitute a greater percentage share of total expenditure in education and direct private cost tuition fees According to Ojo 1986 quoted by Oladejo 2001, education has enjoyed a higher share of national budget over the years due to the increasing level of elaboration brought about by a continue increase in education demand. Agunbiade 1997, observed that there was a staggering figure for educational expend iture during the third national development plan.This expenditure has continued to be on the increase over the years in most different institutions which of cause differ from one institution to the other. However, as an institutions enrolment increases, the tendency is that both the expenditure and revenue should increase equally. But, according to Agunbiade 1997, revenue do not correspond with the increase in enrolment. Psacharopulars and Woodhall 1997 posited that attitude towards educational expenditure began to change as predicted by Jallade 1973 partly due to the huge increases that has occurred during the period.According to them there is increasing present of financial constraints in many developing countries as proportion of expenditure has began to decline. However, Zymelman 1982 cited Psacharopoulos and Woodhall 1997 explained that expenditure on education at all level in African nations including Nigeria has remained fairly constraint. Afolabi 2001 in his article asserte d that the cost of education in recent times in Nigeria has become astronomical which according to him is attributed to increase in teachers salaries and allowances to meet with the hyper-inflation condition in the country.This statement is posited by Shehan 197316 where he explained that real expenditure per pupil has move in many countries of the world. Real expenditure in this context means money expenditure deflate by appropriate price indices for the various inputs teachers, books, equipment etc which are used in the educational system. The higher level of education demand more expensive buildings and equipment and more emphasis on high-cost research activities. Enrolment increases has been greatest at these high cost levels.The increase in enrolment at the high-cost end of the system continue to increase demand for more resources that is, financial resources which represents the expenditure to be incurred in the production process Institutions overtimes, have witnessed conti nue increase in the expenditure pattern. This continues expenditure increase as argued by Shehan 1983 have a change effect on institutions considering the overall level of finance available to them, hence the need for a panoptic system of cost control private primary school system. 3. PRIVATE COST OF EDUCATION.Concepts of cost from the sales booth of economic analysis the proper definition of cost (real cost or economic cost) of an input to education is its opportunity cost, which is measured by the value of the input in its best alternative use. Applying this concept to the cost of an education system, the real cost of education includes not only public expenditure on education but also private costs (Bowman, 1966). Private resources to education can be classified into three categories direct private costs of education, household contributions to school, and indirect private costs of education (Tsang and Kidchanapanish, 1992).Direct private costs of education are expenditures b y parents on their childrens schooling, such as expenditures on school fees (tuition and other school fees), textbooks and supplementary study guides, writing supplies, uniform, school bag and transportation. Expenditures on school fees are part of the revenue for a school to be used to finance institutional costs they may be used to pay teachers in a private school or used to support non- effect costs in a government school.Non-fee expenditures are additional financial resources to schooling not captured in institutional costs. For primary school pupils in some countries there are also embarkment costs. theatre contributions to school are contributions, in cash or kind from families to school and/or school personnel (e. g. teachers). Contributions to school can be used in a variety of ways, for example, to purchase reading materials for a library, to purchase sports equipment, or to construct a school building. They are captured in the institutional costs of a school.In some count ries, household contributions to teachers are the main source of income for rural primary teachers (Paulsen, 1981 World Bank, 1991). home contributions can be important in the financing of education in that they augment public resources to education and they can be managed by school personnel. Indirect private costs of education refer to the economic value of the opportunities foregone as a result of schooling. The opportunities foregone can be a childs labor in family production, in looking after younger siblings, and/or in performing other household chores.Such costs are usually difficult to estimate and assumptions have to be made about the economic value of a childs labour, nevertheless, they are still important to consider in that parents sometimes withhold their child from school because of the need for the childs labor, specially for parents in the rural areas (Psacharopoulos and Woodhall, 1985). In a recent study of India, Tilak (1985, p. 22) estimated that the indirect pr ivate cost in terms of foregone earnings accounted for about 40% of the real cost to education, based on 1977-78 data.For purposes of better education quality, there are at least four reasons for considering private resources to education. First, direct private costs and household contributions are direct private resources that augment public resources to education. Some of these direct private resources (such as school fees and household contributions) can be used by the school as intentions to raise quality. Second, how parents allocate their resources to schooling is also relevant. Parents may be encouraged to spend more on items (such as textbooks and other learning materials) directly related to student learning.Third, differences in private resources to education among social groups may infuriate educational inequalities among social groups. A good understanding of the variations in private resources to education will inform educational policies designed to mitigate education al inequalities. And fourth, the omission of private resources can significantly underestimate the true costs of education and may lead to erroneous estimates of the costs of quality-improvement interventions.To date, there are very few studies of private resources to education in developing countries, and information on private resources to education in these countries is either lacking or fragmentary (Tsang, 1988). However, the available evidence indicates that private resources to education are very important (Tilak, 1985 Tan, 1985 Paulsen, 1981) they also vary significantly among countries and type of school (Wolff, 1985 Schiefelbein, 1986). These preliminary findings indicate the potential of private resources to education as a policy option for educational decision makers for influencing educational quality.4. DIRECT PRIVATE COST OF EDUCATION TUITION FEES According to Tsang (1995), Direct private costs are defined as household educational expenditure related to a childs schoo ling, including tuition expenditure and non-tuition expenditure (such as spending on other school fees, textbooks and supplementary study guides, uniforms, writing supplies, school bag, transportation, and boarding). Thus, direct private costs are divided into two components, non-tuition costs and tuition costs.Non-tuition costs are put into two groups instruction-related costs (such as parental expenditures on textbooks, workbooks, and writing supplies) and non-instruction costs (such as parental expenditures on uniform, school bag, transportation, situation and sportswear, and school fees on sport activities and other school events). However, private direct cost in this project includes only tuition fees. Wolff provided measures of the direct private costs for students in secondary schools in nine easterly African countries (1985, pp.51-55). The ratio of total direct private cost to total cost per student varies according to the type of secondary schools and country. It ranged fr om 0% for day schools in Somalia for 1981-82 to 81% for assisted Harambee schools in Kenya for 1981-82. The ratio for boarding schools was consistently higher than that for day schools. On the average, direct private costs accounted for one third of the total cost per pupil. High direct private costs were also reported in Tans study of secondary schools in Tanzania (1985b).She found that even though state school students paid no fees, their school-related expenditure added up to US$139 per student in 1981. The direct private costs for students in private schools were even higher (US $439). Bray (1996) surveys educational cost studies in nine East Asian countries. He finds that direct private costs as a percentage of total costs in public primary schools range from less than 10% in Lao PDR to over 70% in Cambodia. close hover around 20%. Carnoy and Tores (1994) finds that parents assume about 30% of the total cost of public primary education in Costa Rica.Carnoy and McEwan (1997) ca rry out a similar study in Honduras. curtail their attention to uniforms, school supplies, and matriculation fees, they find that direct costs account for 43. 5% of total costs under more conservative assumptions, the figure is still 27. 4%. 5. INSTITUTIONAL COST OF EDUCATION This consists of capital cost and recurrent cost. Capital costs are associated with durable educational inputs particularly land, building, furniture and equipment which are made use of in a single fiscal year.Usually people talk of capital stock versus capital flow. The stock of capital is inventory of buildings equipments and other capital items out sting at a given point in time. It is like reservoirs that can be drained down by depreciation or renovate and enlarge by new inflows. The volume of an educational system capital stock can be measured by depreciating the original cost of each in the inventory at the appropriate rate (adjusted for major repair, additional and replacement made in the items).educati onal expenditures are those that contribute directly to teaching, learning and research, for example, teachers salaries and allowances, salaries and allowances of administrator, that is, non-teaching staff, expenses on books and stationeries, transport cost other consumable materials like water, electricity, post and telegram etc. and additional buildings. Thus, expenditures on consumable goods such as materials and personnel salaries, rent, interests, grants etc used up within an accounting year are classified as recurrent expenditure (cost).While capital (cost) expenditures include the purchase of durable assets such as buildings or equipment, that are expected to reelect benefits over a longer period. To Psacharopoulos and Woodhall (1997), the crucial distinction between recurrent and capital cost lies in the source of finance. To them, recurrent expenditures are financed from current income or revenue, while capital expenditures are financed by loans from foreign agencies as w ell as other sources of income. Owning to the fact that the recurrent education expe.