FIN 370 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Essay Example for Free

FIN 370 Week 3 nurture Team Assignment EssayLearning Team Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis This paper go out give a short history and descriptions of apples I enlarge minicomputer. It will also give factors that affect demand, supply, and equilibrium footings in the commercialize. Issues that orchard apple tree faces that affect its competitiveness will also be addressed. Lastly, this paper will report the long term profitableness of the iPad including, expenditure centering of demand, technological innovation, and cost structure. Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniak were friends in high school, which shared like interested in electronics. They intentional what would effect the apple and on April 1, 1976, orchard apple tree Computer was born. This is an Ameri send word based company located in California. apple specializes in design advancing, and the sales electronics, computer software, and computers. Apple is accredited for some of the most popular inte rsection points of the modern world of technology such as iPod, iPhone, iPad, and iTunes.Apple has expanded its sell stores to fourteen countries worldwide with 408 retail store not to mention their online stores, Apple Store and iTunes. Apples value as of March 2013 is $415 million, and it is the largest most publicly traded companies. The iPad is a tablet designed minicomputer that was released in 2010 by Apple. This device has equipped with Wi-Fi and has a multi- touch screen. There are five different versions of this particular tablet. Each has the capability to play music, phonograph record videos, a camera function, browsing the web, e-mailing. Games, GPS navigation system, and social networking preempt also be downloaded to the device. A trade is as a collection of consumers and retailers of a limited merchandise or service. want is the actual volume that consumers are prepared and able to obtain. Quantity necessitated is the demand at a specific amount and is symbolize d as the demand curve. The supply of a product is the quantity that manufacturers are prepared and capable to convey to the market the sale ofthe product.The market can be analyse by matching the supply and demand curve. Equilibrium is the connection of supply and demand curves. The equilibrium amount is the amount where the number demanded matches the number supplied. A mixed bag in price does not necessarily mean that the demand will change. It is more likely for the quantity demanded will affect the price. If the price is changed the curve will move along the demand curve. When the price is reduced the quantity demand will be kick upstairsthd. When the IPad was released, it was the only product in that market at that time. Therefore, at that time it absolutely controlled the tablet division. Some corporations tried to contend with Apple, but recognized their position just could not compete. The competition combated Apple by creating sm all in all tablet that is an unfamiliar place for Apple. This creation worked and caused Apple to lose sales. The competitors rapidly established their place in the market. Price elasticity of demand is an issue that our organization, Apple faces that affects our competitiveness and long-term profitability with regards to the iPad. Price elasticity of demand and supply tells us exactly how quantity responds to a change in price.As elasticity increases, quantity responds more to price changes. Demand or supply is elastic, if the percentage change in quantity is greater than the percentage change in price(University Of Phoenix, 2010, pp. 154-157). After reviewing data, specifically targeted to the three types of iPads their pricing, capabilities and memory storage, it was determined that if the price of the iPads increased then the consumers may not purchase them (What Is An Apple Ipads Elasticity Of Demand?, 2012). The price elasticity of demand tells us that although apple is very technological ripe, but as it relates t o price elasticity of demand the quantity does not study (all the changes, modifications, additions, advancements, etc.) consumers will still purchase the cheaper iPad (cost efficient) Apple should not invest in making more iPads. Consumer(s) cant readily identify / understand the wideness /significance of having more capabilities, memory, storage, etc. The consumer(s) would ultimately shop for and purchase the iPad thats more conducive to their needs. Although apple has is very technological innovative, but as it relates to price elasticity of demand the quantity does not matter (all the changes, modifications, additions, advancements, etc.) consumers will still purchase the cheaper iPad (cost efficient) scientific innovation is an opportunity for our organization, (Apple) to face that affects our competitiveness and long-term profitability with regards to the iPad. Through technological innovation our organization will be able to make improvements to something that already exist s such as the Apple iPad. Is the improvement to something that already exists. Technological innovation will always have a huge impact on Apple Corporation.As it directly relates to the iPad, with the technological innovation, we are able to re-invest and re-invent the iPad. As with any product of this magnitude, the cost will increase, more features will be added, more storage, more variability, etc. As long as we are innovative and have a willingness to be creative we will consistently bring red-hot items to the market that will steady intrigue the consumers and adapts to their technological needs. Cost social system (TC = FC + VC) is the costs of production, the identification of how costs associated with the production of a good or service are distributed throughout the process The cost structure consists of wintry costs, shifting costs and total cost (University Of Phoenix, 2010, pp. 283-285). According to Internal Factors Costs (n.d.), When analyzing cost, the marketer will consider all costs needed to get the product to market including those associated with production, marketing, distribution and company administration (e.g., office expense).These costs can be divided into two main categories fixed costs and variable costs. unconquerable costs are costs that are spent and cannot be recovered (rent, credit interest, maintenance costs, security and administrative expenses, often salary). The major factors affecting fixed costs are (1) Changes in business organization, (2) Changes in technology applied, (3) Sale of manufacturing equipment and (3) Decisions to undertake advertising activities, etc. Variable costs are costs that metamorphose with production. Factors affecting variable costs, including productivity and others that change the supply of and demand for labor (internal factors), (1) Involve costs of items that are either components of the product (parts/packaging), (2) Directly associated with creating the product (electricity to unrav el an assembly line), (3) Coupons and (4) Variable costs, especially for tangible products tend to decline as more units are produced. This is due to the producing companys ability to purchase product components for lower prices since component suppliers often providediscounted pricing for large quantity purchases (). Total cost the sum of all costs of inputs used by a firm in production TC = FC + VC Apple is one of the worlds most admired brands. Every year, as rumors about Apples products start to emerge web sites begin to speculate which suppliers are likely to win Apples business.Getting a contract from Apple can lift a companys value by millions of dollars. On October 22 Apple released a variety of new hardware and software. Apples new iPad is clearly focusing on improving the iPad product profit margin, while also maintaining it strong market share. One of the ways Apple can maximize their profit is by reducing the price of the original iPad mini. Another recommendation that c an maximize the profit for Apple is to also make topic improvements to the full-size iPad and the mini. Apple has four products in the iPad lineup. While Apple decided to keep the price of the iPad 2 at $399 Apple dropped the price of the IPad mini to $299. The newest iPad, the new full-size iPad Air is thinner and lighter than the previous full-size iPads and much more powerful. The new iPad Air will sell at $499, while the stand by new iPad tablet the iPad mini with Retina display will sale for $399. By Apple dropping the price on the iPad mini this move should help Apple maintain market share with it strong competition. Strong competitors like Google and Amazon have recently dropped the prices on their popular tablets. Android tablets such as Google and the fire up Fire have been gaining on Apple over the past year with the lower prices and higher performance.The Kindle Fire HD sold for $139, this alone affected Apples revenue. The price decrease put Apples base iPad mini clos er to the price of Google and Amazons top of the line tablets. Apple chose to drop the price of the original iPad mini tablets to maximize their profits with the competition. Overall by dropping the price, this will draw more individuals to the Apple iPad mini and increase Apples marginal revenues and profitability. This will keep Apples market share in competition with Google and Amazon without sacrificing too much profitability. Although, there are several competitors in this market such as The Kindle Fire, The Windows Tablet, Galaxy Table, etc. none are able to uphold the standards that the iPad will carry. With all of our advancements in technology, research, investments, etc. we continue to be in high demand. If our corporation continues to be technological innovative and productive then we will continue to grow andconsistently re-invent. We will be more profitable, growing and will remain cost efficient when it comes to manufacturing and producing the iPad. Based on the curre nt market conditions, our competitive market analysis concluded that the Apple iPad will be an extremely productive and very successful.ReferencesDuhigg, C., Barboza, D. (2012, January 25). In, China, Human Cost Are Built Into an IPad, p. The iEconomy. Internal Factors Costs . (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.knowthis.com/pricing-decisions/internal- factors-costs Reisinger, D. (2013, October 22). IPad 2 Survives iPad Air, Still cost $399. CNET, p. . University Of Phoenix. (2010). Economics, Eight Edition. Retrieved from University Of Phoenix, ECO365 website. What is an Apple iPads Elasticity of Demand?. (2012). Retrieved from http//applecoeconomics.wordpress.com/2012/05/17/what-is-an-apple-ipads-elasticity-of-demand-9/

Rabindranath Tagore Essay Example for Free

Rabindranath Tagore EssayThe first Asian Nobel Prize winner for Literature, a cultural hero, and an international figure, Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7th May 1861 in Calcutta, India. Tagore speaks to an optimistic assortment of the ripened Indian custom and the new European awareness. Globally, Gitanjali is Tagores best-known accumulation of meter and Tagore was granted the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his book Gitanjali, which contains the effect of an Indian artistic tradition. Tagore was an unofficial diplomat to the world and laid India on the legendary map of the world. Indeed today, he has been an inspiration and nourishment for millions of Indians. In the police van of an Indians and most specifically Bengalis, Rabindranath Tagores overpowering impression is huge. Gitanjali is an assortment of a number of themes and ideas. The lyrics explore the relationship between God and Man, individual and humanity. It gives a well reason for the ways of man to God and the other wa y around, too.It expresses in perfect language permanent human impulses , and thus passes the test of great poetry as laid down by T. S. Eliot. Here poetry has become an exposure and invocation. It shows an inner reality of millions of Indians, especially Bengali people. It is the best creation of Rabindranath Tagore that regarded as an independent paper with its own theme and personality, and tried to tell the tale of his life using various characters. Mainly Gitanjali rewards in logical theory, spiritual tie-ups and an inspiration. It decoratively treats Death and God. It is supernatural in its abstract character, emotional anxiety of thought that may be transformed into the imagery of dreams, logical beauty, moralistic mind, strength, ethical content, and miraculous love.Even more, by the end Tagore expressed that Death is the last stage of our life. It is completely unavoidable, and one has to surrender themselves. When the death strikes, people who were ignored or spurned ea rlier will appear more valuable. To avoid that situation, one must love well while he/she is alive. One should be ready when the quote comes from God without any bitter feelings. The soul dispossessed of all the worldly goods will reach God in a sweetermanner. An Irish Senator, and a constructor of an Irish and British literary William Butler Yeats, said, Mr. Tagore, like the Indian civilization itself, has been content to discover the soul and surrender himself to the spontaneity and also added, At propagation I wonder if he has it from the literature of Bengal or religion. His divine values of Hinduism were deep rooted in his ancestry and in his own long and hard-fought experience, and they found constant expression in every aspect of his extraordinary life.Marcel ProustA French novelist, critic, and essayist, Valentin Louis Georges Eugne Marcel Proust was born on tenth July 1871. He was known for his epic novel In Search of Lost Time. The novel was published in seven parts bet ween 1913 and 1927. He is deliberated by one of the greatest authors. He described particularly decline of the upper class and the rise of the middle classes that occurred in France during the Third Republic and the vertical fin de sicle in this epic novel. After the unsuccessful endeavor of composing a novel, Proust used a few years composing interpretations and expounding the flora of the English craftsmanship history specialist John Ruskin.He was likewise a productive letter essayist. The work for which he is normally regularly recollected is In Search of Lost Time or Recognition of Things Past. Proust has likewise been known as the originator of the present day novel, looked upon as an issue contact on pioneer style. An English novelist and an author Graham Greene once wrote Proust was the greatest novelist of the twentieth century, just as Tolstoy was in the nineteenth. For those who began to write at the end of the twenties or the beginning of the thirties, there were two g reat inescapable influences Proust and Freud, who are mutually complementary.Moreover, Peter Englund, the Nobel Academys permanent secretary, said He is not at all difficult to read. He looks very simple in a sense because he has a very refined, simple, straight, clear style. You open a rapscallion and see that it is Proust, very straight, short sentences, no frills but it is very, very sophisticated in that simplicity.Thomas Stearns EliotA literary and social critic, publisher, playwright, an essayist, Thomas Stearns Eliot was born on 26th September 1888 at St. Louis, the Missouri to an old Yankee family. He considered as one of the twentieth centurys major poets. Eliot had such a big impingement on writing that it cant be precisely measured, however it is surely gigantic. It is genuinely likely that very nearly every free verse generator that succeeded him has tired, straightforwardly or by implication, from his sweeping collection of principles. Through Eliots essays and espe cially through his poetry, he played a significant part in make the modernist conception of poetry. His poetry is culturally allusive, ironic, and impersonal in manner. Moreover, they were organized by associative rather than logical connections and difficult at times to the point of isolation.His impact on literature in the twentieth century was significant. However, notwithstanding the validity .and spreading of his finest and most well-known essays, Eliot couldnt have achieved the modernist revolution by ruling alone. He succeeded just through the sample of his superb poetry. His poetry will survive undiminished as his critical influence waxes and wanes, and as the points of interest of his profession hideout into literary history. Perhaps the realest and clear example of Eliots intelligent influence is in the books of writers such as Derek Walcott and Kamau Brathwaite.Charles W. Pollard holds them as illustrations of non-Western pioneers impacted by the divided genius of Elio ts work. He proposes that a large portion of the distinctions are because of how these two writers fuse components of their cultures. Moreover improver about the part of verse in the public sphere and its relationship to typical discourse, to structure their styles and customs, while staying inside the post-Eliot innovator fold.Nawal EL SaadawiEgyptian feminist writer, activist, physician and psychiatrist Nawal El Saadawi was born October 27, 1931. She has written many an(prenominal) books on the subject of woman in islam paying particular attention to the practice of female genital mutilation in her society. Although Women and Sex created a huge literary argument in Egypt for its frank discussion of the sexuality of women, ElSaadawi was unknown to most Western audiences until 1980, when The Hidden Face of Eve was translated into English. In this accumulation portray female genital mutilation, narrative the principles and regulations overseeing the lives of ladies, and recount t he troubles and disgrace connected with being a lady in an oppressive patriarchal society. El Saadawi was impacted by what she encountered in her life as an issue. By the seeing of mortifying and unreasonable practices.This has headed her to stand up in backing of political and sexual rights for ladies and continually emphasize ladies push in safety. For instance, at age of six, El Saadawis family constrained her to experience a clitoridectomy, and as a grown-up she expounded on and censured the act of female and male genital mutilation. Her sign work is viewed as spearheading in present day womens activist fiction in Arabic. Since the 1970s she started to scrutinize straightforwardly the patriarchal framework and tackle out of the question issues female circumcision, abortion, sexuality, child abuse, and different forms of womens onerousness. Saadawi has expressed the view that women are oppressed by religions. In a 2014 interview Saadawi said that the root of the oppression of women lies in the global post-modern capitalist system, which is supported by religious fundamentalism Chinua AchebeA Nigerian novelist, poet, professor and critic, Chinua Achebe was born on 16 November 1930. His first novel Things twilight Apart was considered his magnum opus,3and is the most widely read book in modern African literature. A writer of more than 20 books, he was commended worldwide for advising African stories to an enraptured world group of onlookers. He was likewise concurred his nations most noteworthy recompense for educated accomplishment, the Nigerian National Merit Award. Achebe is a significant piece of African writing, and is prevalent everywhere throughout the landmass for his books, particularly Ant colony dwelling places of the Savannah, which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1987, and Things Fall Apart.The recent was get perusing in endless secondary schools and universities in the mainland, and has been deciphered into many dialects. He likewi se reprimanded defilement and poor administration in Africa, and had been known to rid of honors by the Nigerian government to dissent political issues. Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan said,Achebes frank, truthful and fearless interventions in national affairs will be greatly missed at home, Jonathan said. While others may have disagreed with his views, most Nigerians never doubted his immense patriotism and sincere commitment to the building of a greater, more linked and prosperous nation. Moreover, a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, philanthropist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela said, he brought Africa to the rest of the world.Gabriel Garca MrqueGabriel Garca Mrquez, the Nobel Prize-winning Colombian author who drenched the world in the compelling ebbs and flows of turn authenticity, making an abstract style that mixed reality, myth, love and misfortune in an arrangement of candidly rich books that made him a standout amongst th e most venerated and powerful authors of the twentieth century. Mr. Gabriel Garca Mrquez, was a writer, author, screenwriter, dramatist, memoirist and understudy of political history and pioneer writing. Through the select of his keeping in touch with, he turned into a social symbol who charged a boundless open after and who now and again drew fire for his relentless backing of Cuban pioneer Fidel Castro. In his books, novellas and short stories, Mr. Gabriel Garca Mrquez tended to the topics of love, depression, passing and force.His masterpiece were One Hundred years of Solitude, The Autumn of the Patriarch and Love in the Time of Cholera. By melding two apparently divergent abstract conventions the realist and the fabulist Mr. Garca Mrquez progressed an element abstract structure, enchantment authenticity, that appeared to catch both the secretive and the unremarkable characteristics of life in a rotting South American city. For many writers and readers , it opened up another rule for comprehension their nations and themselves. 44th and Current President of the United States of America, President Obama said in a statement The world has lost one of its greatest ethereal writers and one of my favorites from the time I was young, Moreover he added that Mr. Marquez is a representative and voice for the people of the Americas.Works CitedA Poem Translated by the Author from from the legitimate Bengali CollectionGitanjali. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. .Aim Fernand Csaire. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. .Biography T. S. Eliot. 2001. Pearson Education. 3 Mar. 2005 . Kandell, Jonathan. Gabriel Garca Mrquez, Conjurer of Literary Magic, Dies at 87. The New York Times. The New York Times, 17 Apr. 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. .Pollard, Charles W. New World Modernisms. 4 June 2004. University of Virginia Press. 2 Mar. 2005Proust, Marcel. Marcel Proust. NewYork TImes. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. .Remembering Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Storyteller Who Resonated with Rea ders around the World. PBS. PBS. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. .Tah, Shari. The sinlessness of the Devil. Berkeley U of California, 1994. Print.

Kelloggs The Worlds Leading Breakfast Food Manufacturing Business Marketing Essay

Kelloggs The Worlds Leading Breakfast Food Manufacturing Business Marketing Essay de simplyKelloggs company formed in 1906 became worlds leading breakfast aliment manufacturing business. Well known for its brand of cereals, Kelloggs had thirty per cent (30 %) sh be of the breakfast food food marketplace place in the world. Kelloggs has its main market in United States, Canada and Australia. Fruit Loops, Frosted Mini-Wheat, Corn Flakes and Corn Pops are the most popular produces by Kelloggs (Kelloggs, 2011).Marketing schema can be defined as the plan of actions butted to a certain group of people for whom the products are made, to make an image of the products in the judgings of these people. Usually greathearted companies spend a lot of funds on their marketing research in order to come up with ideas of formulating a marketing plan (Grant, 2010).Kelloggs attend its marketing strategies in a vey clear way. It has targeted its customers and tries to retain the share it has i n the market currently. Kelloggs company has its mission and vision very clearly stated which it fol depleteds in its marketing plan as rise up (Boyer and Hult, 2005).Kelloggs CompetitionThe market for the breakfast food has a oligopolistic nature and therefore there are few bend of companies and all enjoy a big chunk of market share. These companies include Kelloggs, General Mills, Quaker Oats and Post. Due to nature of the market, there is a very little price wars among the companies.Among these companies only Kelloggs is the one who deals in only cereals, other companies have diversified in other types of food as well. Therefore Kelloggs made its decoct on just the cereals and gained its revenues out it.Kelloggs SWOT AnalysisStrengthsOne of the biggest strengths of Kelloggs is that it has existed in the market for over cytosine years because of which people recognize its name and it carries a very strong brand recall as well as high brand awareness.Maximum share occupation in the market of rough 42% globally which is almost thrice of its competitors.A very large lop of well managed products.An image in the market of sanitary and nutritious food productsKelloggs has an image of good corporate social organization, because of its recent campaign of share your meal with Kelloggs it has gained a good perception in consumers mind. This campaign was about manduction the breakfast pictures with the company and the company will save money on photography with which it will give charity to poor for breakfast (Rave Reviews, 2011).WeaknessesThere are low barriers to entry in the marketThe products produced by Kelloggs need extensions or upgrading because of the facts that they have not launched any new product in last quartet years delinquent to which all of the products are in their maturity phase, soon to enter into declining phase.Soon the costs of production is expected to go high due to the increase in the utility rates because of which the prices will have to be increase, jeopardizing the market share.Due to lack of diversification, it is expected that Kelloggs might loose its market the homogeneous way its share is getting low in US market.OpportunitiesKelloggs can extend and diversify its range of products by launching new flavours or ever-changing the package style etc.Kelloggs has the potential to capture the new markets as well which are still left un exploited.Kelloggs has a chance to take over the small companies dealing in breakfast food stuff which will benefit Kelloggs by increasing its production capacity.ThreatsBecause of low barriers new entrants are debut seance competitive threat to Kelloggs.Increase in the utilities which in turn are increasing the production cost for Kelloggs.The price wars between the market giants and the Kelloggs.Cheaper engineering giving ease to new entrants to enter into the market.Kelloggs Competitive EdgeKelloggs has its competitive edge in the market because of its experience of yea rs, it has been in the market since 1906 which makes it more(prenominal) than hundred years in the industry because of which it has strongest brand identity among all breakfast food sector. Researches prove that people when asked about a company which comes in their mind on listening the word cereal, they replied with Kelloggs. This has helped Kelloggs to gather a huge number of loyal customers who might prove to be an asset even if the prices goes up, they will extend customers of Kelloggs (Kelloggs Company, 2010).Kelloggs has another competitive edge which it utilizes in its operations it is strategic cookery of business. Kelloggs top watchfulness as well as the lower staff is well integrated by means of the strategic planning and get well coordinated in their actions because of it which results in effective and efficient operational outcomes. This not only helps the management to take correct decisions at exact time but also helps them to maintain the relations with their cu stomers effectively (Kelloggs, 2011).Another competitive advantage that Kelloggs enjoys is that the market for breakfast food follows Oligopoly concept of economics, there are few act uponers in the market amongst whom Kelloggs has the top position with the highest market share both company wise and the product wise.Kelloggs Targeting and PositioningTargeting deals with the selection of a certain segments of population and then choosing one or two out of them to cater to the needs of people belonging to those segments (Applbaum, 2004). Kelloggs has its target segments into different categories the major two are discussed below.KidsKelloggs has targeted its few products for Kids giving an impression of healthy food before starting the day and leaving for school. The age range to which Kelloggs cater to in Kids category is between 4 years to 10 years (Brand Republic, 2002).Health Conscious PeopleKelloggs has eternally maintained an image of healthy and nutritious food manufacturers in the market and therefore its target market also incorporates people who are health conscious and want to maintain their weightiness and shape. To ensure that much(prenominal) image is maintained in the market, Kelloggs started showing its ingredients and nutritional values on their products packaging.Kelloggs Positioning StrategyKelloggs has positioned itself differently in different countries end-to-end the world. In the places where Kelloggs has a strong market share or has been operating for a long time has positioned itself an expensive healthy food, such strategy is followed in places like United States and United Kingdom.In places like India or Taiwan, where Kelloggs is a new brand and is in the stage of attracting customers, it has launched itself on relatively lower prices but has maintained the quality of product at the akin par (New York Times, 1994).Kelloggs Marketing StrategyKelloggs is following currently many marketing and promotional strategies, some of these p romotional strategies are discussed belowFree in the BoxKelloggs Free in the box offer includes coupons of $3 to $5 attached on the marked boxes of products. net profitKelloggs has many internet campaigns currently which includes a game of racing cars introduced for kids in which there is the life line of Kelloggs and picking up Kelloggs boxes increases the points of the player.Another internet ground promotional technique is that on playing games and collecting points, winner gets gift hampers from Kelloggs including Kelloggs products to attract the kids towards itself.Movie TicketsAnother offer valid in Kelloggs products is just to select the form available at the back of the products, mail it to the given P.O Box no and receive free movie tickets.Kelloggs has the largest share in the market, but because of the low barriers to enter, Kelloggs might face some troubles retaining such share so Kelloggs is left with the option of focussing on the fourth (4th) P of Marketing Mix.Reco mmendationsThere is always a room for improvement and recommendations in the operations of a business, therefore some of the recommendations which Kelloggs can follow and which might bring some good reassign in their efficiency and results are discussed below.Kelloggs cost has been increasing due to increase in utility rates to cut down its cost it can slipperiness its production plant to country with low labour cost like china.Kelloggs has potential to capture new markets which are un-exploited still by other competitors as well. This will help it to increase its market share as well share in the capital.Kelloggs has been able to retain its loyal customers because of its efficient strategic planning but Kelloggs should plan its marketing plan in such a way that their loyal customers should suggest the brand to others too, this needs some research in the marketing department.Kelloggs has been there in the market for over hundred years but still it should start a campaign of word o f mouth through some tactical marketing move, as it is proven by researches that word of mouth increases sales.Kelloggs products have reached their maturity level and needs some kind of upgrading and changes, the market still is high and demands for cereals and ready to eat food stuff therefore Kelloggs can take advantage of the fact and just by changing the packaging or adding new flavours it can increase its market share and shift its products graph towards developing stage again.Because of low barriers to enter, new entrants are entering and posing competition to Kelloggs. Kelloggs should take over the few small companies dealing in the uniform market.As Kelloggs targets towards children through its products, it should organize such events where the characters endorsing the Kelloggs products in advertisements can play and conduct some fun activities amongst children and their mothers.Kelloggs should target schools as well, through in-school marketing, children adapt more and put a pressure on their parents to use the same product they have seen other friends victimisation at the school.Kelloggs no matter has been the market leader for quite a time but still to maintain the same position it should come up with new products with new creative and innovative ideas.In some of the countries where culture plays an important role, Kelloggs should target through cultural events and occasions.At the time of religious festivities, there should be some new schemes and campaigns like at the time of Christmas for Christians, Eid for Muslims and Easters and Divali for Hindus.Kelloggs has indirect competition too so to overcome that it should market itself in such a way as to prevent its customers from shifting to substitutes like indirect competitors.Kelloggs should introduce toys and stationary for kids with the brand identity of the rabbit and hurt characters it shows in the advertisements. This will increase the brand awareness and the kids will get emotionally atta ched to the characters in shape of their toys and would pressurise their parents to make purchase of the same item.Kelloggs should once a year launch a cartoon movie including all he characters of its products showing them healthy and in positive light using Kelloggs products. Such advertising techniques have always been successful in the past.Kelloggs spend a big amount on its marketing and advertising, it should use the celebrity endorsements as well because people tend to copy the celebrities more rather than the athletes that Kelloggs have been showing in its advertisements.Internet marketing through social networking has taken a surge suddenly, Kelloggs should outsource such promotional activities and should work on it in order to attract people using these mediums.ConclusionKelloggs has been in the market for more than hundred years. It is very difficult for any other company to take the position of Kelloggs in the market and therefore Kelloggs enjoys its position but yet it d eals and takes vexation of all the issues that might jeopardise the position it holds in the market. Managing the operations in a strategic way and planning the marketing tactics in such a way that it maintains the market share and retains its loyal customers by providing them the best and healthy food, coming up to the expectations of the customers.

Mental Status Examination

Mental Status examenIn order to thoroughgoing(a)ly evaluate, Jason it would be very helpful if a Mental Status Examination is exculpateed. The MSE would progress insight to the examinees thought process, thought content, perception, and cognition. Also, the examiner would be able to document the examinees appearance, style, and affect. A semi-structural interview style whitethorn be the best sur hardihood to conduct the MSE. This approach would perplex sufferard questions but also open an opportunity for the examiner to build a rapport with the examinee. Therefore, the examiner could create an environs that would promote comfort and ease which should allow the examinee to become slight guarded.A review of material that could unveil indicators of potential nonadaptive way would be useful to enhance the examiners understanding of the examinee. Information such as prior psychological appraisals and medical records would be very helpful components in unveiling indicators. T his discipline would unc all over any medical or psychological problems previously identified that could view contributed to the examinees behavior. Since it has been revealed that the examinee is taking the medicine diazepam, it would be beneficial for the examiner to conduct research on the side effects and its reaction with other drugs. Perhaps, the results from a blood toxicology test would definitively regard all the drugs in Jasons body at the m he was arrested. This drug cogitate reading empennage give valuable indications that could explain the examinees behavior.A review of the examinees family psychological and medical history could give entropy on hereditary traits that could have added to the examinees behavior. In addition, a review of the examinees sinful record could give a timeline of how Jasons criminal activity progresses or digresses over the years. Thus, a review of the examinees criminal record could give insight to trends in the examinees maladaptive behavior.Other sources of information that could pose as good use are results of an password test such as the WAIS-III and a nature test such as the MMPI-2. The WAIS-III will examine Jasons vocabulary take, abstract thinking, concentration, immediate memory, judgment, alertness to flesh out and a host of other intelligence measures (Kaplan Saccuzzo, 2005). In essence, the WAIS-III will show if Jason is able to act with purpose, to think logically and to deal effectively with his surroundings (Kaplan Saccuzzo, 2005). The MMPI-2, on the other hand, measures Jasons tendency to possess some type of psychopathy. The MMPI-2 is a self- report that examines Jasons level of over concern of bodily symptoms, level of depression, level of over dramatization, level of psychopathic deviates, level of paranoia, level of schizophrenic tendencies, and level of beat control (Kaplan Saccuzzo, 2005). It should be noned that the MMPI-2 only gives a hypothesis of psychopathy and does not give a diagnosis. An extensive psychological examination would be lacked in order to properly diagnosis the hypothesis.Lastly, collateral contacts which is information ga thered from respective(prenominal)s closely associated or related to the examinee could give useful information to the examiner. Some of the individuals that could be interviewed are family members, occupyers, co-workers, friends, and neighbors. By interviewing people in different facets of the subjects life the examiner can get an idea of how the subjects behavior diverges in different environments. In turn this would give the examiner a wholistic view of Jasons psychological state.Provide a contingent multi-axial diagnosis (based on all five (5) axes of the DSM-IV-TR) for this individual. In narrative form, describe your differential diagnostic thought process used to reach your hypotheses. What additional information would you need for each of the possible diagnoses in order to confirm your diagnoses and rule out t he others?Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR multiaxial judicial decision lists clinical deranges and other narrows that may be a focus of clinical attention (American psychiatric Association, 2000).One clinical condition that can be considered is intermittent explosive Disorder (Code Number 312.34) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). This is an Impulse-Control Disorder that is characterized by discrete episodes of failure to resist self-assertive impulses resulting in serious assaults or destruction of property (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The DSM IV-TR states that individuals who suffer from Intermittent Explosive Disorder usually exhibit signs of feeling up set, remorseful, regretful or embarrassed after an aggressive misadventure (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). It has been account that Jason has had problems controlling aggressive impulse in the historic. The vignette notes that signs of remorse were seen after aggressive incidents in the past such as a fter Jason threatened his Aunt with a knife it was reported he was remorseful about the incident. Also, after stabbing the victim, Jasons act of covering the body could be interpreted as a sign of remorse.Before Intermittent Explosive Disorder is officially diagnosis other clinical condition should be ruled out. One condition that can be considered is Jason ingestion of some(prenominal) different types of centres in a 24-48 hour time period. The vignette suggests that Jason may have had diazepam, acid, and alcohol in his system at the time of the offense. As suggested previously, a toxicology test will definitively indicate the substances present in Jasons body at the time of his offense. After it has been determined that Jasons behavior was not induced by a reaction to a substance a diagnosis of Intermittent Explosive Disorder can be more confidently suggested.The second axis on the DSM-IV-TR multiaxial sagacity lists and describes soulality disorders and signs of psychical re tardation (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The examiner can explore the possibility of Jason exhibiting signs of Borderline temper Disorder. The DSM-IV-TR describes Borderline Personality Disorder as a pattern of instability in intersomebodyal relationships, self-image, and affects and pronounced impulsivity. Jasons parents assert he did not develop stable peer friendships throughout his formative initiate years. In adulthood, Jason did have a miss and the relationship was described as a stabilizing influence however the relationship was short-lived. Once Jasons relationship with his girlfriend dissipated he reacted by causing havoc at his grandmothers cottage. It was noted that several cottages were destroyed and vandalized cottages. This outburst of uncontrolled emotion and aggression after a break-up is typical behavior of a person suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder. The DSM-IV-TR states that patients with Borderline Personality Disorder experience intens e abandonment fears and inappropriate peevishness even when faced with realistic time- especial(a) separation (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Although the diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder gives an onset of early adulthood, Jason may have displayed traits of the disorder in his early teens after the death of his maternal grandfather. It is reported that Jason initiated his use of Marijuana and begin to steal from his parent the akin year his grandfather died. This behavior may have been indicative of his inability to handle separation from someone he had idealized which is a characteristic of someone suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder.However, the DSM-IV-TR does pronounce that recent adults with identity problems and that may be involved in substance use could fleetingly display behaviors that might falsely give the impression of Borderline Personality Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Therefore, observation and more in depth research on Jason would be needed to definitively diagnosis Borderline Personality Disorder. An outline of Jasons results from the MMPI-2 could give insight for a more conclusive diagnosis. Another thing to consider in diagnosing Jason with Borderline Personality Disorder is that approximately 75% of individuals diagnosed with the disorder are women. Therefore, Jason being diagnosed with the disorder would place him as a minority and the diagnosis under careful rumination.The third axis on the multiaxial assessment expatiate general medical conditions that could affect ones psychological functionality (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). It has not been reported that Jason suffers from any specific physical condition that could affect his psychological functionality. However, a thorough review of his medical record would be needed to definitively exclude any medical conditional that could have attributed to his behavior. Some of the areas of medical concern would be coping injuries and diseases that affect the nervous system. These types of medical conditions are widely known to affect a persons psyche. It is known that some of our emotions are regulated through the frontal lobe of the brain. For exercising, individuals that have endured an injury to the frontal lobe may have anger management problems or trouble controlling their emotion.The fourth axis focuses on psychosocial and environmental problems such as problems with primary support group, occupational problems, educational problems and economic problems (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Jason appears to have problems maintaining meaningful relationships. Jasons break-up with his girlfriend could have been a contributing catalyst in his aggressive behavior. This break-up may have disrupted Jasons support system and caused him to have feelings of abandonment. It can be inferred that the abandonment could have caused him to have feelings of instability and lack of control. The examiner would need to debate Jasons feeling regarding the break-up during assessment sessions in order to confidently report its association with the offense at hand. Another issue that can be explored is Jasons inability to maintain attendance while in formative school which continued into his inability to maintain attendance at a job in adulthood. This inconsistent attendance could be related to Jasons substance use which indirectly affects his ability to productively operate in his social environment. The examiner would need to delve into Jasons substance use and feelings of his self-image to address this issue.The fifth axis quantifies a functionality level the use of the GAF scale ranges from 0-100 with 0 being inadequate information and 100 being master key functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000.) Jason shows signs that he could hurt others or herself. He is very coherent of his surroundings. However, Jason has difficulty remembering details regarding the stab bing. The examinee appears to understand place, time and period events. On the other hand, Jason has difficulty being self-sufficient and maintaining a job which is partly due to his substance use. Thus, Jason has a mid-level GAF with a range of 40-60.Legal theory and ApplicationUsing information from the provided vignette, describe the background, current presentation, and behavior of the client from a perspective which takes into consideration theories of offender and/or victim psychology and personality/psychopathology theories to support your position. (Do not simply restate the clients presentation from the vignette. Provide a theoretical-based discussion of the client that will later help guide your suggested intercession approach. For example, if you were going to recommend Gestalt intercession, you would provide a theoretical formulation from a Gestalt perspective in this section).A suitable way to explain the existence of maladaptive behavior such as over exertion of ag gression as presented by Jason is through the Diathesis-Stress Model. The word diathesis means, in basic terms, a physical condition that fashions a person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases (Merriam-Websters online dictionary, n.d.). Thus, the Diathesis-Stress Model says that each person inherits certain physical weaknesses to problems that may or may not surface contingent on what stresses occur in his or her life (Eberhart, Auerbach, Bigda-Peyton, Abela, 2011). Thus, the diathesis-stress model would say a person may have a neurotransmitter give out but the symptoms of this malfunction will not surface unless some life stressor is presented. A life inflicted stressor could be abuse, neglect or simply disappointment.an informative diathesis-stress analysis when defendants who appear to be functioning fairly well at present are claiming temporary insanity at the time of an aver offense. Current indications of characterologically trammel resources for coping with s tress, combined with obviously stressful circumstances or surroundings at the time of an offense, increase the likelihood that a defendant might have experienced a transient episode of cognitive incapacity or behavioral dyscontrol. Conversely, the better the coping resources shown by a defendants current test responses, and the less stress the defendant appeared to be experiencing prior to and during the commission of an alleged offense, the less likely the person would have been at that previous time to suffer a psychological breakdown accompanied by loss of cognitive or volitional capacities. (Goldstein 132)Describe the psycho-legal standards and/or definitions for each of the following competence to stand trial, guess of dangerousness, and insanity. Identify and describe one or more landmark case(s) for each standard (at least three cases total). Describe the elements or issues that a mental health professional usually focuses on when assessing a persons adjudicative competence , attempt and insanity, and any additional items that might be especially important to focus on in the provided vignette.A person is competent to stand trial if there is an understanding of the trial process, the ability to assist counsel for defense, and the ability to make important decisions to resign constitutional skilfuls (Poythress, 2006). The standards of competence were created during the landmark case, Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960) (Bartol Bartol, 2008). During this case it was concluded that the defendant has to have sufficient present ability to ask with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and a rational as well as itemual understanding of the proceedings against him in order to stand (Bartol Bartol, 2008).However, since competency can change, if Jason shows signs of incompetency he can be medicated to restore competency even if he does not want to take the medication. This forced medication for competency was established in the court case United States v. Sell (2003),which held that if certain requirements are met, those defendants adjudicated as incompetent to stand trial might be medicated contrary to their will for the solitary resolution of instituting or restoring trial competency (Goldstein, 2006). It should be noted that the case Jackson v. Indiana (1972) established the limitations on the sequence of commitments for competency restoration. This court reigning stated that, due process requires that the nature and duration of commitment bear some reasonable relation to the purpose for which the individual is pull. In other words, incompetent defendants cannot be held indefinitely if there is no likelihood that the defendant will be restored and criminal proceedings resumed. They can, however, be committed to mental institutions under the civil law (Bartol 161-162).The establishment of criminal responsibility is contingent on the sanity of a person at the time of their alleged offense (Goldste in, 2006). Being sane at the time of an offense can be delineated as being able to recognize the criminality of ones illegal actions and understand the wrongfulness of the behavior (Goldstein, 2006). A Forensic psychologist could examine Jason using psychological instruments that support the right/wrong test for sanity or the irresistible Impulse test for sanity. The right/wrong test also known as the MNaghten Rule, gives emphasis to the cognitive elements of human beings (Bartol Bartol, 2008). First the person must be apprised and know what he or she was doing at the time of the illegal act (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Second the person must know or understand right from wrong in the moral sense (Bartol Bartol, 2008). The right/wrong test has no degrees of incapacity therefore a person is either right or wrong, with no gray area.On the other hand, the Irresistible Impulse test considers that a person may be aware of the wrongfulness of their conduct, be aware of what is right or wr ong in a particular set of circumstances, but still be incapable to do right in the face of overpowering forces from irrepressible impulses ( Bartol Bartol, 2008). In other words, certain circumstances cause the person to uncontrollably commit a crime, almost like a untamed beast ( Bartol Bartol, 2008).The court system has established that if a person was not in control of his or her mental processes at the time of the offense, therefore there are grounds for absolving that person of some or all responsibility for the offense (Bartol Bartol, 2008). However, each jurisdiction differs in the extent they accept both these criteria. (Bartol Bartol, 2008). For example the Official Code of Georgia (O.C.G.A.) 16-3-2 states, A person shall not be found guilty of a crime if, at the time of the act, omission, or thoughtlessness constituting the crime, the person did not have mental capacity to distinguish between right and wrong in relation to such act, omission, or negligence. Also, t he O.C.G.A. 16-3-3 states, A person shall not be found guilty of a crime when, at the time of the act, omission, or negligence constituting the crime, the person, because of mental disease, injury, or congenital deficiency, acted as he did because of a neurotic compulsion as to such act which overmastered his will to resist committing the crime. These two statutes institute a standard for mitigating circumstances in criminal responsibility and thereof ground work for the insanity plea. If it can be established that Jason was in fact suffering from some form of a delusional compulsion then it can be argued that there are mitigating circumstances to his criminal responsibility as established by O.C.G.A. 16-3-3.Bartol and Bartol define luck assessment as the initiative in which clinicians offer probabilities that a given individual will engage in ferocious or otherwise antisocial behavior based on known factors relating to the individual. (Bartol- criminal behavior ,649). In 1976, the California Supreme Court created what many thought to be the national standard for mental health professionals when a client presents a threat to an identified person. In Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976), the senior high schoolest California state court ruled that the psychotherapist of a feasibly violent patient had a duty to protect any person identified as a potential victim ( ). The California Supreme Court ruling brought forth the idea that societys necessity for protection overshadowed a clients right to confidentiality ( ).The Tarasoff case answered the question of what responsibility therapists had to third parties in cautioning them of potential injurious behavior from their clients. However, over the years many states have rejected the ruling in the Tarasoff case. Despite the questionable statutory duty to warn, many practitioners have incorporated the standard set by Tarasoff as a standard of practice. (Bartol- criminal behavior 269) The APA Code of Ethics section 4.05 (2002) gives reference to this idea of a duty to warn by indicating that psychologist may disclose confidential information without the consent of the individual to protect the client/patient, psychologist or others from harm.Research and EvaluationDescribe tests or assessment procedures you would employ to address these forensic issues (competence to stand trial, risk of dangerousness, and insanity) (you may refer to these from the Psychological Theory and sagacity Section A. if you already covered them there), and discuss what your anticipated conclusions would be based upon information provided in the vignette.The examiner can use a three prong evaluation to determine if the examinee is competent to stand trial. The first prong evaluates if the person is able to understand the roles of the various officers of the court. The second prong evaluates if the person can understand that he or he is charged with a crime and could possibly go to prison or be p ut on probation. The last prong evaluates if the defendant can rationally and effectively assist his or her attorney to aid in defense.Numerous assessment instruments have been developed in an attempt to quantify and measure trial competency. One tool that has become popular is the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA) (Steinberg, 2003). This is a forensic assessment instrument created to assess the three abilities thought to be described in the Dusky standard for competency which are understanding, appreciation, and cogitate (Steinberg, 2003). The MaCAT-CA is comprised of 22 items that break down into three subscales to delineate the three abilities ahead mentioned (Jacobs, Ryba Zapf, 2008).At this time, Jason appears to be competent to stand trial based on the fact he is literate, is able to give written consent for the evaluation, and is able to rationalize that something adversely could happen depending on the courts perception of him. To offi cially establish competency in Jason the three prong examination as described previously would have to be administered.Risk assessments have two components the raw numbers from an actuarial tool and value (Szmukler, 2003). Numbers refer to the probability that a confrontational occurrence will transpire in a certain period of time (Szmukler, 2003). The methods in astute these numbers are mathematical and statistical (Szmukler, 2003). Basically numbers are just the results from a risk assessment instrument. A recently developed risk assessment instrument is the Historical/Clinical/Risk Management (HCR-20) scale developed by Christopher Webster and his colleagues (Webster, Douglas, Eaves, Hart, 1997). The HCR bases its prophetic power on three major areas past or historical factors, clinical or current factors, and risk management factors. The HCR contains 10 historical items, 5 clinical items, and 5 risk management items, for a total of 20 items. The historical items complicate previous violence, which, as we have learned, is one of the strongest predictors of future violence. Another historical or H item is young age at first violent incident (Webster et al., 1997, p. 267). In other words, a persons young age at the time of the first violent incident can predict a violent pattern will persist into the future. Early maladjustment at home, at school, or in the community is another predictive H item. Other H items in the HCR-20 are relationship instability, employment problems, substance use problems, and major mental illness (particularly psychotic or mood disorders). Clinical or C items include lack of insight, negative attitudes (antisocial, hostile, angry), and active symptoms of major mental illness (Webster et al., 1997, p. 263). Active symptoms of serious mental illness that include delusional systems characterized by sadistic fantasies and homicidal and suicidal ideation are especially related to violence prediction. Risk management or R variables ar e related to the future circumstances of the individuals they are evaluating-that is, whether the person being evaluated is likely to have adequate housing, meals, daily activities, and finances. Research suggests that individuals without these basics are at higher risk for violence than those who have these needs managed and taken care of. Examples of R items are lack of personal support, noncompliance with remediation attempts, feasibility of future plans, and stress. The researchers of the HCR-20 find that the historical (H) items are the strongest for predicting future violent behavior (Webster et al., 1997), and C items are second strongest (Borum, 1996). The HCR-20 is still relatively new and will need ongoing research before it receives widespread acceptance as a valid risk-assessment instrument. (Bartol criminal behavior 275)Values represent the methods of connecting a value to the risk and deciding what should be do about the potential risk (Szmukler, 2003). Thus, values can be seen as the rate at which violent acts occur in the population of interest. This value is satisfying to the predictive abilities of any risk assessment instrument. This value is sometimes known as the base rate.Using only the information from a risk assessment tool without considering the environmental factors or population can make an assessment skewed. The base rate takes into consideration the population of which the assessed individual is apart. If the rate of violence in the population is low it should naturally lower the possibility of at risk behavior. A simple explanation for this logic is that the individuals of this low violent rate population may not have ideologies that comprise of violent behavior. This lack of cognitive thoughts of violence and lack of examples of violent acts lower the individuals potential to act violently.Therefore, it is possible that a risk assessment tool that is standardized based on a larger more diverse population can render results t hat show high risks for violence for an individual in a smaller less diverse population. An overall view of both the raw numbers from the assessment and a consideration of the populations base rate would give a better result in calculating risk assessments. Thus, the risk assessment tool gives a hypothesis or educated prediction for a potential risk and should be completed. The base rate gives direction and depth to the hypothesis. Thus, both components are needed and valuable to the assessment. convey one empirically supported therapeutic interposition plan for the client in the vignette. Please make sure you identify the name of the theory your treatment plan is based on and summarize the empirical evidence with appropriate citations to support your treatment choice in working with this client. Be sure to discuss the effectiveness and limitations in working with this particular client (including effectiveness/limitations in working with this particular clients background using th e above theories and treatment plans)A treatment plan following a Cognitive behavioral therapy model could be used to help Jason with his cycles of aggressive behavior. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic climate that combines various aspects of several different therapeutic approaches including behavioral, cognitive, rational, emotive, and others. The hallmark of CBT is the assumption that distress is a result of improper or faulty cognitive framing that provides the nucleotide for self-defeating thoughts that lead to maladaptive behaviors. Over the last couple of decades CBT has been the focus of extensive research aimed at validating its theoretical foundation and therapeutic techniques. oftentimes of the research reports favorable outcomes within a mannikin of settings as CBT is often considered among the most diverse therapeutic modalities available to practitioners. (Hanser 116)Most research concludes that it has been reasonably prospering or shows conside rable promise in reducing recidivism in violent offenders and serious repetitive offenders (Gacono et al., 2001). However, one of the major shortcomings of the current research is the overreliance on self-report measures to determine treatment gain (Serin Preston, 2001). Although self-report information is important because it may reflect an offenders self-perception, it is also fraught with many serious problems, especially when administered under duress within a correctional environment. (Bartol 623). Cognitive behavior therapies (CBT) rely on changing individual behavioral patterns by changing the persons thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. CBT emerged during the past 30 years as a result of dissatisfaction with the theoretical and empirical bases of strictly behavior therapy approach. CBT has become the preferred treatment approach for dealing with certain groups of offenders, including sex offenders, violent offenders, and a variety of persistent property offenders. Bonta and Co rmier (1999) rightfully note that, The research on the cognitive-behavioural treatment of offenders has led to wide acceptance of this approach as the preferred method for treating offenders. (Bartol 621-622)interpersonal EffectivenessWhat factors or heathenish considerations would you take into account in rendering diagnoses, case conceptualization, and treatment planning? What other cultural factors may be salient(ip) for this client?In a psychological examination for diagnosis and treat culture can have an impact on the exhibition of psychological disorders and the examiners variation of the behavior being exhibited. Also, information being gathered from an assessment for diagnoses can be misconstrued if the examiner does not have a good understanding of the cultural social practices of the person being examined. The examiner should obtain as much cultural information on the client as possible before a diagnosis or treatment plan is created. The cultural Also, if the clients cu ltural background is tremendously outside the realm of the examiners understanding it may be wise to consult with an expert to help reduce the cultural impediment.Some of the issues that affect diagnosis in regards to culture differences are the clinician attitudes, beliefs, and biases. No one is exempt from having bias beliefs, thus an examiner should fully inspect his or her biases before being involved in a psychological assessment. The bias could skew the examiners report and make the assessment invalid. For example if a clinician is diagnosing an individual from a different cultural background and does not have an clear understanding of the customs of that culture then the clinician may interpret some behavior as being adverse. However, the person may just be following the customs of their culture. Thus, multicultural competence is of major importance in case conceptualization.Another cultural impact on diagnosing and creating treatment plans is language barriers. Since languag e is the primary source of communication the examiner and the client must be able to properly communicate in order to obtain information for the assessment. Language barriers are not just limited to different languages sometimes the examiner and examinee may have different understandings of words or phrases. Of greatest concern to assessment is the notion of conceptual comparability or whether the underlying construct (construct definition an image, idea, or theory, especially a complex one formed from a number of simpler elements. ) holds the same meaning crossways groups. A common example of difficulty is when one group defines (i.e.specific behaviors as mental illness or psychopathology while another group views the same behaviors as normative) and not associated with a cluster of diagnostic symptoms.The APA(American Psychological Association) created a set of guidelines known as the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists to instill towards more multicultural competence individuals. These guidelines aid in recognizing b

Standardization of Anti-diabetic Poly Herbal Formulation

Standardization of Anti-diabetic Poly Herbal Formulation1. IntroductionNow-a-days most of au becausetic as wellhead as developing countries use Ayurvedic medicines then they uses it in past. They avoid use of allopathic drugs because of high risk of adverse effects. So, for the sake of community it is important to govern the dosage form available in market. Standardization of verbalism is evidence that the formulation contains constituents which it says to be contained.In present work formulation containing Gymnemic acid and Resveratrol has been studied. This formulation is anti-diabetic.Gymnemic Acid ( gymnasium) is major constituent isolated from leaves of plant Gymnema Sylvester belonging to family Asclepiadacea. (1) Plant has a property of masking the sugar test so it is known as GURMAR. Gymnemic acid is a triterpenoid saponin found in the leaves of Gymnema Sylvester. (2) Many studies shake off shown that oral administproportionn of Gymnema extract reduces serum glucose leve l and improves glucose tolerance in mildly diabetic rats. (3) Administration of water extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaves was found to increase serum insulin level suggesting its insulin releasing effect. (4) Number of beta cells at heart pancreatic tissue were increased which suggests a restorative effect of the Gymnema extract on pancreatic tissue. (5) So, from above it is now known that Gymnemic acid has the ability to decrease blood glucose level in diabetic patient which ultimately relives Diabetes.Resveratrol (reticuloendothelial system) (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is polyphenolic constituent isolated from plant Polygonum Cuspidatum belonging to family Polygnaceae. (6) It has been reported that Resveratrol has a variety of biological and pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, anticarcinogenic effects, modulation of lipide metabolism and cardioprotection. (7) In pancreatic -cells, insulin secretion is linked to the oscillations in membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ and metabolism. The variations in the ATP/ADP ratio control the conductance of ATP-dependent K+ channel leading to depolarization and periodic influx of Ca2+. The resultant membrane depolarization activates voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ channels and triggers intracellular Ca2+ release, elevating intracellular Ca2+ both in the cytosolic compartment and within the mitochondria, and thereby initiating insulin secretion. (8)From the survey of respective(a) literatures it is found that Gymnemic acid has been estimated by various analytical techniques like HPTLC, HPLC Gravimetery. (9) While Resveratrol had been estimated by HPLC and spectrometric techniques. (10) Not a private mode is reported for the estimation of both constituents simultaneously.Present work has been focused on estimation of both constituents simultaneously. Here estimation of both constituents was done by UV-Visible spectrometry and HPTLC. For estimation of both constituents simultaneously UV-visible Spectrophotometric and HPTLC methods were certain and validated.Figure 1 Gymnemic acidTable 1 Gymnemic acid GroupFigure 2 Resveratrol2. experimentalChemical ReagentsGymnemic acid telling Standard was extracted from the formulation. This relative standard was comp bed with standard obtained from Clearsynth TM Private Ltd (Andheri (w), Mumbai, India) . Then the prepared relative standard was used for methods. alike way, Resveratrol was extracted from formulation and then compared with standard Sigma-Aldrich constituent. Marketed formulation here used was Resveratrol plus (with Gymnemic acid) Zenith Nutritions containing 100mg Resveratrol and 500 mg Gymnemic acid per 2 capsules.All reagents for UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and HPTLC are M ethyl alcohol, Chloroform, Ethanol, Glacial Acetic Acid, water and Benzoyl Chloride. Methanol, Chloroform and Ethanol used were analytical grade purchased from merk solutions. Triple distill water was made in laborator y by distillation assembly. Benzoyl Chloride was purchased from SD fines Chemicals.InstrumentsUV-Visible Spectrophotometric was developed on a Shimadzu UV-Vis double beam spectrophotometer, model 2400 PC series, with spectral width of 1 nm, wavelength accuracy of 0.5nm and a pair of 10 mm matched quartz cells (Shimadzu , Japan). The HPTLC instrumentation consisted of a Linomat V experiment applicator with 100 L Hamilton syringe and a TLC III scanner controlled by WinCATS software (Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) Merck TLC plates coated with 60F254 silica gelatine on aluminum sheets were used as stationary phase. The plates were developed in a Camag 10 x 10 cm touch through chamber that was antecedently saturated for 20 minutes with mobile phase.Spectrometric ConditionsGYM didnt contain chromophore in structure so it has to be derivatized for UV-Visible detection. Benzoyl Chloride was used as derivatizing agent. The solutions of GYM reticuloendothelial system were scanned in the spe ctrum mode from 200 to 400 nm, and from that 303nm for Gymnemic acid determination, 318.4 nm for Resveratrol determination and 349 nm for isoabsorptive shoot down for Q ratio method were selected for simultaneous estimation.Chromatography ConditionThe solutions were placementted in the form of hands of 5 mm width on pre-coated silica gel 60F254 aluminum plates using a Camag 100 L try applicator syringe. They were activated at 110 oC in an oven for 20 minutes before sample application. A constant application rate 0.1L/s was applied and bandwidth was 9 mm between two bands. Spotted plates were developed in twin through chamber which is previously saturated for 20 minutes with mobile phase containing Chloroform Methanol Glacial acetic acid (13 4 0.5 %). The plates were developed for 8 cm run length. The plates were dried by hair dryer and then post derivatization done by dipping plates in Vanillin-Sulphuric acid solution. Then it is heat in hot air oven at 105oC for 5 minutes. Then plates were scanned at 575nm in TLC III scanner.Preparation of solutionsPreparation of Standard solution for UVResveratrol relative standard 10 mg was accurately weighed which is transferred to 10 ml clean volumetric flask. This a good deal quantity was dissolved in 10 ml of ethanol to take a leak 1000g/ ml standard stock solution. From standard stock solution 1 ml is transferred to another 10 ml of volumetric flask and volume was made up with methanol to produce 100 g/ ml working standard stock solution.Gymnemic acid relative standard 100 mg was accurately weighed which is transferred to 10 ml clean volumetric flask. This much quantity was dissolved in 10 ml of terzetto distill water to produce 10000 g/ ml standard stock solution. From standard stock solution 1 ml was transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask diluted with methanol to produce 1000 g/ ml working standard solution.Benzoyl chloride was diluted in ethanol first and then in methanol lastly to produce 125 g/ ml solution which was used as derivatizing solution.Preparation of sample solution for UV10 capsules shells were removed and powders from those capsules were mixed and from that weight equivalent to 10 mg Resveratrol and 50 mg Gymnemic acid was weighed accurately and transferred to 10 ml of volumetric flask volume made up with mixture of ethanol water (11). From this solution 1 ml solution was taken diluted with mixture of ethanol water (11).this solution is working sample solution further dilution done by the same mixture.Preparation of standard solution for HPTLCResveratrol relative standard 20 mg and Gymnemic acid relative standard 100 mg was accurately weighed and transferred to two polar 10 ml volumetric flask respectively in which weighed quantity was dissolved in 10 ml ethanol water (11) mixture to produce RES 2000 g/ ml and GYM 10000 g/ ml standard stock solution. From these solution 5 ml solution was transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask diluted with ethanol water (11) up to 10 ml t o produce RES 1000 g/ ml and GYM 5000 g/ ml working standard stock solution.Preparation of sample solution for HPTLC10 capsules shells were removed and powders from those capsules were mixed from that weight equivalent to 20 mg RES and 100 mg Gym was weighed. That much amount of powder was accurately transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in ethanol water (11) mixture. From this solution 5 ml was taken and filtered with 0.45 m filter sized syringe filter. This solution was then diluted with mixture of ethanol water (11) up to 10 ml solution to produce RES 1000 g/ ml equivalent and GYM 5000 g/ ml equivalent. bank check method verificationPreparation of calibration sheerFor UV-visible Spectrophotometric method individual solutions were prepared in methanol from working standard stock solution to produce 5-25 g/ ml RES and 25- 125 g/ ml GYM solution. Benzoyl chloride 10 L was added to each solution. Then these solutions were analyzed in methanol at tercet different wave lengths at 303 nm, 318.4 nm and 349 nm. Calibration curve here made up was absorbance v/s closeness.For HPTLC method different aliquots of were taken from standard stock solution to make final concentration of RES 1000 g/ ml and GYM 5000 g/ ml in the same solution. Then different aliquots were spotted on activated TLC plate. The concentration of RES was varied between (5-25) g/ spot while for GYM it was (25-125) g/ spot. Then plate was developed in mobile phase and was developed to scan as mention above at 575 nm. Calibration curve here made was peak area v/s concentration of constituents. truth (recovery)For UV-visible spectrophotometer solution of standard RES was added to previously analyzed sample solution at three different levels (80%, 100 % and 120%). Same procedure been followed to accommodate a GYM accuracy by adding standard stock solution at three different levels (80%, 100 % and 120%). Amount of standard RES added was (8, 10 and 12 g/ ml) to 10 g/ ml sample solution. A mount of standard GYM added was (40, 50 and 60 g/ ml) to 50 g/ ml sample solution.For HPTLC known amount standard solution of RES (8, 10 12 g/ ml) and GYM (40, 50 60 g/ ml) added to previously analyzed sample solution having concentration of RES 10 g/ spot and GYM 50 g/ spot.PrecisionThe intra-day and inter-day clearcutness of proposed methods were determined by estimating corresponding responses three times on the same day and on three different days for three different concentrations. For UV-Visible spectroscopy RES concentrations were 8, 10 and 12 g/ ml measured at wavelengths 318.4 nm and 349 nm.GYM concentrations were 45, 50 and 60 g/ ml measured at wavelengths 303 nm and 349 nm. For HPTLC three different dilutions were made having both RES and GYM in those solutions ranging (RES 9, 10 and 12.5 g/spot) and GYM (45, 50 and 62.5 g/ spot).For repeatability in HPTLC, sample solution containing 10 g/spot RES and 50 g/ spot GYM was measured in terms of response.LOD LOQThe sensiti vity of analytical method was evaluated by determining LOD and LOQ. They are measured by following equationsLOD 3.3 / SLOQ 10 SHere, is standard deviation of intercept and S is slope in linearity equation.SpecificityFor HPTLC spots were scanned for its purity with standard sample and checked whether they give a same response or not. This was done by spectral scanning in WinCats HPTLC.RobustnessThe hardiness of methods was studied by analyzing the same samples of RES and GYM with deliberate change in parameters. The changes in responses were noted. For HPTLC, spots scanned at ( 2 nm) and mobile phase ratio change was performed. For UV-Visible method solutions were scanned at ( 2 nm).3. Results and DiscussionsSimultaneous estimation of RES and GYM was difficult task because they are isolated from herbal source and they have RES GYM ratio 15 in marketed formulations.System suitability parametersSystem suitability run for HPTLC was performed before each validation run. fiver replica te spots were made. Parameters monitored were Rf value and Peak areas of them. (Table 2)Table 2 System suitability Parameters HPTLCOptimization of MethodFor HPTLCVarious experimental conditions such as the mobile phase and the wavelength of detection were optimized to achieve accurate, precise and reproducible results for the estimation of RES and GYM. Good resolution and sharp peaks with minimum tailing of these drugs (Rf RES 0.78, Rf GYM 0.236) was obtained by using mobile phase Chloroform Methanol Glacial acetic acid (13 4 0.5%) at wavelength of detection 575 nm.Figure 3 optimized Chromatogram of HPTLC, RES (10 g/spot) GYM ( 50 g/spot)Figure 4 Wavelength selection for HPTLC of RES and GYMFor UV-Visible SpectrophotometricForm overlain spectra (Figure 5) of methanolic solution of RES and GYM three wavelengths were finalized for analysis 303 nm, 318.4 nm and 349 nm. The method here used for simultaneous estimation is Q ratio method. Here both of constituents are measured at 349 nm isoabsorptive point and 303 nm and 318.4 nm GYM and RES respectively.Figure 5 wavelength selection after derivatization of GYM, BCL (Benzoyl Chloride) and RESMethod validation of proposed methodsOptimized methods were validated in compliance with ICH guidelines. The results of various parameters are discussed followingLinearityFor UV Spectrophotometric method, linear correlation was obtained between absorbance and concentration for RES 5-25 g/ ml at 318.4 nm 349 nm and GYM 25-125 g/ ml 303 nm 349nm.( Table 3)For HPTLC method, linear correlations were obtained between peak area and concentration of RES was 5-25 g/spot and GYM was 25- 125g/spot. (Table 4)AccuracyThe percentage recovery values of RES and Gym were obtained in the range of 98% to 103 %, and relative standard deviation values for both constituents in two methods were less then 2%, it shows that methods are accurate for both constituents. Values are shown in table 3 and 4.PrecisionInter-day and intra-day variation in quantification of RES and GYM showed that RSD values were always less than 2% during the analysis by both methods. These low RSD values show that methods are precise. Values of precision studies for UV spectrometry and HPTLC are in table 3 and 4 respectively.LOD and LOQFor UV-Visible spectrometry method LOD and LOQ for RES was found to be 0.09g/ml and 0.28g/ml respectively. LOD and LOQ for GYM were 0.63g/ml and 1.92g/ml respectively.For HPTLC method LOD and LOQ for RES were 0.065 g/spot and 0.20 g/ spot respectively. LOD and LOQ for GYM were 1.2 g/spot and 3.87 g/spot respectively.SpecificityFor HPTLC method, a good correlation was obtained between standard and sample spectra of RES and GYM correlation suggests that there in no affray in quantification of RES and GYM.RobustnessRobustness of the methods was studied by performing assays of RES and GYM in capsule formulation. The parameters are deliberately altered and changes were recorded. Assay values were calculated in the changed parameters. Methods proved to be robust, because assay values in changed parameters were within limits.Assay of marketed formulationAssay of Resveratrol plus from ZENITH nutrition was performed in both the methods. Results of assay were compared with corresponding amounts claimed on capsule. The assay results are shown in table 3 4.Table 3 UV-Visible method Validation parametersTable 4 HPTLC Validation ParametersConclusionDeveloped HPTLC and UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method was found to be simple, accurate, precise, rapid, sensitive and robust for the estimation of RES and GYM in combined dosage form. The validation data and recovery shows that methods are free from inferences of excipients used in formulations. Thus method is useful for both constituents to be estimated by both methods.Referencesx

The Cosmos: Creation :: essays research papers

The Cosmos CreationWhere is the creation from? Where is it going? How is it put together?How did it get to be this way.These are Big questions. Very easy to affect but almost impossible to answer.We want answers for philosophical reason having nothing to do with science. Noone will get rich from discovering the structure of the universe unless theyright a book virtually it.The area of science dealing with Big questions is called cosmology. Thereason for its study is found in the fact thatThe universe was born(p) at a specific time in the past and has expanded eversince.The Expansion of the UniverseEdwin Hubble established the existence of other galaxies. He famous that thelight from these galaxies was disruptioned toward the red. That is its wavelengthwas longer than that of the light emitted from the corresponding atoms in thelab. Furthermore he found that the farther away the galaxy was the more it wasshifted toward the red end of the spectrum. Hubble attributed this shift t o thedoppler effect.Hubble saw this and concluded that all galaxies are rushing away from us andthe universe is expanding as a whole. Modern equipment has observed andverified this so-called Hubble amplification exists throughout the observableuniverse.This shows three important things. First in that respect is no significance to thefact that earth seems to be the center of the universal magnification. In everygalaxy it would look as if you were standing still and all others were rushingaway from you. Second the movement of the universe is not like an explosion.Galaxies are not moved through the universe but expand with the universe. Thirdthe galaxies themselves do not expand only the space between them.Finally if you ask where the expansion started the only answer is everywhere.In the words of the fifteenth-century philosopher Nicholas of Cusa, "theuniverse has its center everywhere and its edge nowhere."This theory has one fact that is inescapable. The universe was not alwaysthere but did have an beginning. This has come to be known as the Big-Bangtheory.Universal FreezingWhen the universe was younger it was smaller. When matter and energy arecompacted the temperature inevitably rises. thence when the universe was youngerit was hotter. We can see six crucial events called "freezings" where thefabric of the universe changed in a fundamental way.The most recent occurred when the universe was about 500,000 years old,about 14,999,500,000 years ago. After 500,000 years permanent atoms started toform. Before 500,000 years matter existed as loose electrons and nuclei in a

The Graduate Essay example -- essays research papers

Shot by Shot AssignmentBen enters his elbow room and is at ease finally. The music stops and the focus is on him. The room is fountainhead lit and his head is leaned against the white verge, which gives the audience a sense of escape. As he makes his way toward the window, we see a dartboard next to his bedroom door that has not one of the darts on the correct target. One has even found itself on the wall. Over his bed we see pictures of planes and toy planes pointed in either direction as maybe parallel to his life. The camera holds a medium close-up as Ben looks down through his window after he takes a indecisive walk over to that position.InterpretationHe feels that himself in his room with nobody else around ensures him isolation that he is yearning for. However, the un-aimed darts contradicts the rooms substantiality and assurance. Just as his life as we later see the dart board is just as disorganized as Ben.Shot 2 posterDuration 3 secondsBen looks down through the window . The camera shows the back of his head in the right foreground and the guests at the poolside in the left background. We see the mutable in eminent angle. The guests are laughing, having drinks and seem to be enjoying themselves. Ben looks on as if the party was not in his favor.InterpretationThe close-up of Ben looking out the window shows the sweetheart that he is searching for an escape out of the situation that is current in his house. He wants to be elsewhere but has no idea at the second base where exactly that elsewhere should be. He looks very disappointed and even hopeful at the same time to disappear to another location as if by magic.Shot 3ObservationDuration 7secondsBen walks from his window to the bed. His journey there is slow and seldom. His bed is gray and black as he showcases not notwithstanding the toy airplanes above his bed but also pictures of airplanes pointed in different locations. There is not really a burst of color in his room beside those protruding inside of the fish tank. The view is very blatant and not at all flamboyant. InterpretationHe has no sense of direction or happiness in his room. Even though he originally wanted to be alone, he finds himself now too lonely. He attempts to find some leap of movement within his confinement when he is drawn to sit near the fish tank.Shot 4ObservationDuration 12 secondsBen... ...nly significance in the overall story, but they refine Bens expressed statements. Women are constantly surrounding Ben. The kiss from the older woman anticipates the affair with Mrs. Robinson. The entire social cast portrays a wealthy medium classed people in society coming together in an attempt to draft a new member, (Ben). They have high expectations and aspirations for him. The family friends refer to Ben other than his name as a method of showcasing somehow unintentionally his accomplishments more than his personality. He as a person is not highlighted in any way, shape or form. This introduces Bens de sire to explore himself eventually find himself outside of the track. The cutting paces are roughly the same length in all probability because it symbolizes uniformity and even stable day-to-day sequences of a day in the life of Ben. The husband-wife exchanges are very opinionated as far as what is better(p) for the child. Bens attempt to escape to escape leads to left-right tracking shots to convey his confused direction movement throughout the film. He wants to do something that is his idea and not those of his parents, which he succeeds at doing throughout the film with Mrs. Robinson.